International audienceIrrigation has a critical role for crop production worldwide. In particular, irrigation is a major issue due to the growing food demand and climate change. Irrigation affects yields and the emission of greenhouse gases such as CO2 and N2O by soils. Here, we review the effect of irrigation on soil organic carbon and N2O emissions. We analysed 22 investigations in various regions of the world. Interactions between irrigation, soil and management factors are described. The main points are: (1) The influence of irrigation is strongly dependent on climate and initial soil organic carbon content. For instance, irrigation of cultivated desert soils led to an average increase of 90 % to over 500 % of soil organic carbon. (2) Irrigation of semiarid regions increases soil organic carbon by 11 % to 35 %. (3) No consistent effects of irrigation were observed in humid regions. In many cases, N2O emissions increase after precipitation or irrigation. (4) Comparison of N2O emissions from irrigated and non-irrigated fields shows that availability of reactive nitrogen compounds controls increased N2O emissions under irrigation, in most cases. Here, increases of about 50 % to 140 % in N2O emissions were reported

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Drought stress is one of the most limiting factors in agricultural productivity because of its highly negative effect on photosynthesis and growth of plants. The main objectives of this study were to determine the performance of four selected safflower genotypes (Remzibey, Dinçer, Balcı and TRE-ASL09/14) against drought stress. The relationship between water use efficiency (WUE) and δ 13 C (isotope discrimination) was investigated under well watered (60%) and drought stress (30%) irrigation in controlled conditions in a green house. The result showed that drought stress clearly reduced plant biomass, leaf area, leaf number, relative water content (RWC), specific leaf weight (SLW), WUE and δ 13 C in all genotypes, while chlorophyll increased under drought stress. There were significant differences between performances of all safflower genotypes in terms of response to drought stress. High WUE and low δ 13 C discrimination under drought stress were inversely associated with a strong regression relationship (R 2 =0.75). The analysis of δ 13 C revealed a substantial variation in water use efficiency among the genotypes under drought stress. It was revealed that low δ 13 C discrimination types had high WUE, RWC and total biomass under drought stress. Thus, the ability of the low δ 13 C genotypes (high water use efficiency, WUE) to maintain higher RWC may provide a good indication of the differences in drought tolerance of safflower genotypes differing in δ 13 C. Overall, on the basis of the consistent percentage reductions in plant heights, total dry weight, leaf area, RWC, WUE and low δ 13 C, the TRE-ASL09/14 new breeding line was found to be more drought tolerant when compared with the other safflower hybrids under drought stress. As a result of our study it is suggested that there is a strong relationship between WUE and lower δ 13 C under drought stress, indicating that it may be used as a selection criterion for developing safflower genotypes with drought tolerance.