A significant amount of global carbon dioxide emissions is due to steel mill gases. One promising approach for the reduction of these emissions is their chemical conversion. In this regard, the conversion to urea is very advantageous, since common urea processes are already using carbon dioxide as a feedstock. In the present paper, urea capacities are determined that can be realized using steel mill gases. The capacities are estimated based on new process concepts that are presented in this paper. Exemplarily, the steel mill of thyssenkrupp Steel in Duisburg, Germany, is considered. It could be shown that reasonable urea capacities can be reached. By this means, a great impact can be made on the reduction of steel mill carbon dioxide emissions.
Für die fluiddynamische Auslegung von konventionellen Strukturpackungen und Anstaupackungen, bei denen zwei fluide Phasen im Gegenstrom geführt werden, ist die hinreichend genaue Vorhersage der Lastgrenzen essentiell. Ausgehend vom sogenannten Wallis-Plot kann ein empirischer Ansatz zur Beschreibung von Flutgrenzen generiert werden. In dieser Arbeit wird basierend auf experimentellen Daten zu den Flutgrenzen von konventionellen Struktur-und Anstaupackungen eine auf dem Wallis-Plot beruhende Korrelation erweitert. Diese ermöglicht eine Berechnung der Lastgrenzen in Abhängigkeit verschiedener Parameter. Die ermittelte Korrelation wird in ein bestehendes Fluiddynamikmodell zur Berechnung der Druckverluste von Anstaupackungen integriert.The sufficiently accurate prediction of loading limits is essential for the design of conventional structured packings and sandwich packings, in which a countercurrent flow of two phases takes place. Based on the so-called Wallis plot, an empirical approach to the determination of the flooding point can be suggested. In this work, the Wallis equation is extended using experimentally estimated loading limits of structured packings as well as sandwich packings. The influence of different parameters on loading limits is considered in the proposed correlation. The Wallis equation is implemented into a fluid dynamic model for the description of the pressure drop of sandwich packings.
Capacity and efficiency of packed columns can be significantly improved by the application of sandwich packings. An element of such packings consists of two alternating layers of industrially available standard packings with different specific surface areas. Sandwich packings are commonly used for operating conditions between the flooding points of both layers, with a heterogeneous flow pattern established along a sandwich packing element. There are some similarities between this flow pattern and those in conventional structured packings as well as in trays. Under certain conditions, this can be used in a beneficial way. However, the application of this integrated packing type is hindered by a lack of reliable design methods. In the present article, the results of recent activities are summarized.
A key element in converting steel mill gases to chemical feedstocks is a thorough removal of contaminants. This paper summarizes important aspects of designing and operating the gas treatment pilot plant at the Carbon2Chem technical center in Duisburg. Information is given on how synthesis gas for the production of methanol and ammonia is produced. The efficient purification and conditioning of the gases is demonstrated by way of example of ammonia synthesis. Measures for enhancing the flexibility of the pilot plant are explained and issues related to scale-up are discussed.
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