The aims of the study were to evaluate the prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) by using polysomnography (PSG) in children with MPS IVA and MPS VI who underwent enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and to analyze the effect on SDB of having upper airway surgery, pulmonary functions, and exercise capacity. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with MPS IVA (n:17) and MPS VI (n:11) aged under 19 years who underwent polysomnography. Descriptive and nonparametric analyses were performed for demographic, PSG, pulmonary function and exercise capacity variables. The frequency of sleep apnea in the study sample was 85.7% (24/28). Four patients (14.3%) had no sleep apnea, 15 (53.6%) had mild, and nine (32.1%) had moderate-to-severe sleep apnea. Two patients (7.1%) had central sleep apnea and 22 had obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (78.6%). Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were negatively correlated to apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) (r = À0.594, p = .009; r = À0.636, p = .005, respectively). Despite ERT and previous upper airway surgery, the prevalence of OSA was high in patients with MPS IVA-MPS IV, emphasizing the importance of PSG screening for sleep disorders. Pulmonary function tests may be useful for predicting sleep apnea in patients with MPS IVA and MPS VI.
Mathematics cuts across all the fields of human endeavours in its wide application and mind development. Hence, this study focuses on the learners' perception on the importance of utilizing teaching resources in mathematics. It adopted case study research design of qualitative approach. A purposive sampling technique was used to select two learners in a selected high school in East London Education District South Africa. A semi-structured interview was used to elicit information from the respondents and the data was analysed using thematic approach according to the themes from the research questions formulated. The study revealed the efficacy of teaching resources for mathematics and how it helps the educators and learners to achieve their target goals. It also revealed the type of resources available in teaching mathematics. The study concluded that effective teaching of mathematics is through availability of resources and recommended that the school should endeavour to provide more recent resources that are technologically inclined.
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