Cases of orf virus infection in human in Turkey have been reported for many years. Scab material from a man was found positive by PCR using pan-parapox-specific primers for parapoxvirus infection. The amplicon was purified and sequenced. The present study provides for the first time a phylogenetic analysis of parapoxviruses from Turkey. The partial B2L gene sequence of a Turkish orf virus from a human presented here may be useful for characterization of parapoxvirus infections in Turkey based on the phylogenetic analysis studies.

Garlic is a vegetable widely used both in food and as a pharmaceutical raw material in the world due to its contents. Although morphological differences are observed in garlic, which is obligatory apomictically propagated, clonal propagation causes narrowing variation, a genetic bottleneck. This situation complicates breeding programs aiming improvements in preferred agronomic characteristics. For this reason, determining the morphological and molecular differences between garlic genotypes originating from Turkey is important for breeding studies. In this study, morphological and molecular characteristics of 39 garlic genotypes, which are widely cultivated in Turkey, were determined. Kahramanmaraş4 genotype was different from other genotypes in terms of some morphological features (fresh weight, dry weight, and bulb diameter). In the molecular characterization study, 10 Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) primers were used, and it was determined that the genotype TekDiş31 of Tunceli region was different from other garlic genotypes. Genetic similarity coefficient was found to be high (0.85–1.0) in genotypes except for TekDiş31 garlic genotype. In general, some garlic clones (Maraş3 and Kayseri30, Urfa33 and Topaklı35, Kastamonu22 and Kastamonu28, Urfa10 and Kastamonu14, Kastamonu29 and Bademci23) were completely similar to each other, while few differences were found among others. In conclusion, this study revealed that the garlic plant, despite its clonal propagation, consisted of some level of morphological and partially molecular variation. Due to its mode of reproduction (vegetative), this variation may largely be due to point or chromosomal mutation. Furthermore, the 10 identified ISSR primers can generate valuable information for genetic diversity for use by garlic breeders.

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This study was aimed to determine the purity levels of pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo L.) using molecular markers. Methods and Results:The relationship between the purity levels and heterozygosity was estimated by using molecular markers using the dominant (simple sequence repeats, SSR) and codominant (inter-simple sequence repeats) markers in the S1, S2, S3 and S0 generation. As a result of SSR analysis, the highest mean PIC value of CMTm66 and CMTp182 primers was 0.9 and the genetic diversity was 0.10. As a result of ISSR analysis, the highest average PIC values of HVH(TCC)7, HVH(CA)7T and BDB(CA)7C primers were found as 0.4 and the genetic diversity was found to be 0.67, 0.61 and 0.86, respectively. Average PIC values of SSR and ISSR primers were 0.57 and 0.2, respectively. Therefore, the SSR primers were found to be more effective due to high polymorphism. Conclusions: As a result of the analyzes, the number of heterozygous bands between S0, S1, S2 and S3 generation showed a decreasing acceleration. The highest number of heterozygous bands was obtained from S0 and the least heterozygous bands were from S3. This showed us that the number of heterozygous bands decreased as the purity rate increased. Successful primers detected in this study can be used in purity testing studies. Significance and Impact of the Study: Obtaining pure lines in plants is an important factor for breeding studies. It is extremely important to use pure parents in the production of hybrid seeds in cucurbit. There is no practical way of estimating purity levels, but it can be understood that there is no genetic expansion taking into account the morphological characteristics of the plants obtained from the seeds in the field. It is important that the molecular markers detected can be used in purity testing studies.

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Turkey with diverse ecologies harbours several plant and fruit species. Several species grow naturally are grown commercially. Kayseri and surroundings constitute natural spread zone of some fruit species. This study was conducted to determine genetic diversity and some pomological characteristics of 31 seed-propagated quince (Cydonia oblanga Mill.) genotypes. For pomological characteristics, fruit length, fruit width, water soluble dry matter (WSDM) and total acidity analyses were performed. Molecular analyses were conducted with the aid of 15 SRAP primer combinations. Genetic diversity in investigated genotypes varied between 0.53- 0.92 and genotypes were gathered under two main groups. Primer base lengths varied between 400- 1700 bp. A total of 97 clear bands were obtained and 91 of them were polymorphic (polymorphism ratio = 87.7%). Present findings revealed that existing quince populations of the region should be preserved and be used in further genetic studies.

Drought is one of the most important abiotic stress factors affecting crop yields and qualities worldwide. One drought-sensitive plant is the cucumber, which has a high transpiration rate. Grafting is recognized as a promising approach to increasing tolerance to abiotic stresses in cucumber. In this study, it is aimed to determine the rootstock that will prevent negative changes in some growth, physiological and genetic parameters of cucumber under drought stress and to determine the mechanism of the system. In drought stress conditions, leaf number values were found to be 6 on average in non-grafted plants and between 6–13.16 in grafted plants. Average leaf fresh weight values (7.56–9.84 g) obtained from grafted plants were higher than non-grafted plants (5.7 g). Leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD) values were found to be between 24.43 in non-grafted plants and 37.83–55.36 in grafted plants under stress conditions. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration values also decreased from 5.66 to 3.23–4.36 in grafted plants. It was determined that the genomic template stability (GTS) rate was 64.1% in the non-grafted treatment group. DNA polymorphisms detected by ISSR (inter simple sequence repeat) can be used as a biomarker system for the detection of genotoxic effects of abiotic stresses, such as drought. These findings suggest that grafting with drought-resistant rootstocks may improve drought tolerance in drought-sensitive cucumber genotypes.