In this paper, we have simulated a copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin-film solar cell using a physically based two-dimensional device simulator SILVACO Atlas. The simulation of electrical characteristics and quantum efficiency was under AM1.5 illumination and a temperature of 300 K. In this work, we changed the band gap of CuInxGa1 -xSe to optimize the efficiency of the solar cell. We obtained it by varying the absorber layer thickness with different mole fractions x that affects the efficiency of the solar cell. The simulation result shows that the maximum efficiency of 16.62 % was achieved with a band gap of 1.67 eV and a thickness of 3 µm, a short-circuit current density of 29.293 mA/cm 2 , an open-circuit voltage of 1.29 V, and a fill factor of 87.79 %. The obtained results show that the proposed design can be considered as a potential candidate for high performance photovoltaic applications.

The spectral properties of the molecules depend on the matrix in which it is present. The interaction of the molecule with the solute molecules affects the vibrational and rotational modes of the molecule. In this study, an absorption-based system was designed to show how the absorbance properties of glucose change in polyacrylamide hydrogel, and the measurements were performed at different wavelengths; 960 nm, 1450 nm, 1550 nm, and 1950 nm. It was observed that the system is sensitive to glucose at 1450 nm and 1950 nm wavelengths in polyacrylamide hydrogel, whereas it is only sensitive at 1450 nm in water which is due to the high absorbance of water at 1950 nm. In polyacrylamide hydrogel, water molecules mostly gather around the polymer chains via electrostatic interactions and the absorbance of water decreases which results in an increasing absorbance of glucose. According to the results, the responsivity of the system at 960 nm and 1550 nm, which are the wavelengths commonly used LED-based systems for measuring glucose in literature, is not high enough for reliable glucose measurements when compared with 1450 nm and 1950 nm.

Permanent facial scars cause serious trauma because the person has to live with a scar which s/he cannot easily hide. Conspicuous scar tissue will have a negative impact on psychology depending on how much importance they give to their appearance. Because of this reason, it is evaluated as an aggravated form of punishment in Turkish Criminal Law. In this study, image processing software was used for the quantitative analysis of facial scars. The scar photographs were taken, and the relative colour difference of the scar region was measured concerning the nearby healthy area. The scar’s physical properties, such as the length and the surface area, were measured by processing the photographs in software. An evaluation of 100 cases showed that the relative color difference rate of 15% is critical for deciding the conspicuousness of permanent facial scar. Above this rate, the facial scar is visible by the naked eye without affecting any factors such as the physicians’ visual acuity, attention, and experience. Otherwise, the scar’s length and the surface area must also be evaluated for a correct decision about the conspicuousness of a permanent facial scar.

The spectral properties of the molecules depend on the matrix in which it is present. The interaction of the molecule with the solute molecules affects the vibrational and rotational modes of the molecule. In this study, an absorption-based system was designed to show how the absorbance properties of glucose change in polyacrylamide hydrogel, and the measurements were performed at different wavelengths; 960 nm, 1450 nm, 1550 nm, and 1950 nm. It was observed that the system is sensitive to glucose at 1450 nm and 1950 nm wavelengths in polyacrylamide hydrogel, whereas it is only sensitive at 1450 nm in water which is due to the high absorbance of water at 1950 nm. In polyacrylamide hydrogel, water molecules mostly gather around the polymer chains via electrostatic interactions and the absorbance of water decreases which results in an increasing absorbance of glucose. According to the results, the responsivity of the system at 960 nm and 1550 nm, which are the wavelengths commonly used LED-based systems for measuring glucose in literature, is not high enough for reliable glucose measurements when compared with 1450 nm and 1950 nm.