BackgroundGlobal surgery has recently gained prominence as an academic discipline within global health. Authorship inequity has been a consistent feature of global health publications, with over-representation of authors from high-income countries (HICs), and disenfranchisement of researchers from low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). In this study, we investigated authorship demographics within recently published global surgery literature.MethodsWe performed a systematic analysis of author characteristics, including gender, seniority and institutional affiliation, for global surgery studies published between 2016 and 2020 and indexed in the PubMed database. We compared the distribution of author gender and seniority across studies related to different topics; between authors affiliated with HICs and LMICs; and across studies with different authorship networks.Results1240 articles were included for analysis. Most authors were male (60%), affiliated only with HICs (51%) and of high seniority (55% were fully qualified specialist or generalist clinicians, Principal Investigators, or in senior leadership or management roles). The proportion of male authors increased with increasing seniority for last and middle authors. Studies related to Obstetrics and Gynaecology had similar numbers of male and female authors, whereas there were more male authors in studies related to surgery (69% male) and Anaesthesia and Critical care (65% male). Compared with HIC authors, LMIC authors had a lower proportion of female authors at every seniority grade. This gender gap among LMIC middle authors was reduced in studies where all authors were affiliated only with LMICs.ConclusionAuthorship disparities are evident within global surgery academia. Remedial actions to address the lack of authorship opportunities for LMIC authors and female authors are required.
For modern SI engines, the injection duration and its timing are one of the most important parameters which influence the mixture homogeneity, emissions, combustion efficiency, and engine response. In the present work, a simplified port fuel injection system with its driver algorithms was designed to control the injection duration and its timing. The Calibrated Dose method is used in this system instead of the stream mixing method. Therefore, the injected fuel mass is accurately computed according to the engine load, engine speed, engine operating condition, and the amount of air drawn into the engine. The system consists of a conventional port fuel injection system equipped with a micro-controller, a Throttle Position Sensor (TPS), a couple of Hall Effect Sensors (HES), load cell with its driver module, injector controller circuit, and a custom-made inlet port. The micro-controller is used to calculate the injection duration each engine cycle according to engine speed, amount of air drawn per cycle and engine load. The two HES are used to detect the injection timing and measure the engine speed. The TPS is used to monitor the throttle position angle so it can calculate the amount of air drawn into the engine at that time with respect to engine speed. The load cell and its driver module are used to measure the engine torque and consequently the brake power. The injector controller circuit is used to initiate the injection process at the perfect timing for the accurate duration.
Background: Approximately 15% of all pregnant women (about 20 million women) suffer from acute severe obstetric complications , and the first 24 hours postpartum and the first week after labor represent the main periods with the highest chances of mortality. The most evident complication of which is hemorrhage; solely accounting for 27% of all maternal deaths that occur worldwide , and it being postpartum accounts for 73% of all the hemorrhage cases. . Primary Post-partum hemorrhage is formally defined as the loss of at least 500 ml of blood after a vaginal birth or the loss of at least 1,000 ml of blood after a cesarean section within 24 hours of delivery. Aim: In light of this, this cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the incidence and determine risk factors of PPH after vaginal delivery in Kasr Alainy University Hospital in Cairo, Egypt. Methodology: The study is a multivariate cross-sectional study. Single population proportion formula was used to determine the sample size in accordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data was collected via assisted questionnaires and results were statistically interpreted with a confidence interval of 95% to gather the odds ratio of different statistically significant risk factors of PPH. Results: PPH incidence in Kasr AlAiny in the period of our study was 8.1%. Atonic factors were implicated in 67% of all PPH after vaginal delivery in the study. Most evident risk factors were prolonged labor (odds ratio= 5.1), then history of previous PPH (odds ratio= 4.25), followed by hypertension (odds ratio 2.53) and lastly advanced age ⩾35 years (odds ratio= 2.29) Conclusion: Our research concluded that most cases of PPH were mainly of atonic causes and primarily with prolonged labor being the most evident risk factor.
BACKGROUND Data about high-grade glioma (HGG) in very young children (≤3 years old at diagnosis) is scarce. METHODS 180 pediatric HGG patients were treated at the Children Cancer Hospital - Egypt (CCHE-57357) between July 2007 and June 2018, with 17 patients aged ≤3 years at diagnosis. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for clinical, radiological and histopathological data, treatment received and survival outcome. RESULTS Median age was 29.2 months (range: 2.4 – 35.8 months; males = 9). Most frequent pathological diagnosis was Glioblastoma, WHO grade-IV (n = 11, 64.7%) and one patient had H3-mutant diffuse midline glioma. All patients underwent surgery (gross-total resection, n = 6, 35.3%; subtotal-resection, n = 5, 29.4%; biopsy, n = 6, 35.3%). One patient (age = 7 months) progressed and died before starting adjuvant therapy. All patients ≤1 year of age (n = 5) received adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) only, older children (n = 11) received adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) (total dose range: 54 – 60 Gy) and CT (CCG-945 protocol). The 1-year overall survival (OS) rate was 47.1%; and event-free survival (EFS) rate was 35.3%. EFS differed between those who received RT and those who did not (1-year EFS 54.5% and 0% respectively, p = 0.001). Compared to older children, anatomical distribution of tumors was significantly different with non-midline locations being the commonest in patients ≤3 years old (88.2% vs 46.4%, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS HGG in very young children arise predominantly in non-midline locations and usually lack the H3-mutation. RT seems crucial in the management of pHGG regardless of age subgroup.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.