The improvement of both the stability and economy of the four in-wheel motor drive (4IWMD) electric vehicle under complex drive cycles is currently a difficult problem in this field. A torque distribution method with the comprehensive goals of optimal torque distribution and energy efficiency, considering economy through energy efficiency for the 4IWMD electric vehicle, is proposed in this paper. Each component of the 4IWMD electric vehicle is modelled. The dynamic programming (DP) control algorithm is utilized for torque distribution between the front and rear in-wheel motors to obtain optimal torque distribution and energy efficiency in the 4IWMD electric vehicle. The simulation is performed on a co-simulation platform with the software of AVL Cruise and MATLAB/Simulink, considering a straight road. Compared to the fuzzy logic control algorithm, the simulation results are very promising, as the energy consumption of the electric vehicle was reduced by 22.68%, 20.73% and 21.84% under the WLTC, NEDC and customized IM240 driving cycle conditions, respectively, with the proposed DP control algorithm. The hardware-in-the loop (HIL) experimental results also indicate that the effectiveness of the proposed DP algorithm is verified under the NEDC, WLTC and IM240 driving cycles, when a straight road is considered. The proposed DP control algorithm not only reduces the vehicle energy consumption and guarantees the optimization of torque distribution, but also increases the driving range of the vehicle.
Energy saving techniques have been widely employed for traditional centralized motor drive electric vehicles (EVs) to improve the efficiency and driving range. Wheel motor drives, including in-wheel motor installed inside the wheel hub and near-wheel motor installed very close to the wheel hub can be controlled independently and accurately to provide drive and regenerative braking torque. Recently, wheel motor drive (WMD) electric vehicles (EVs) have been developing rapidly. However, only a few researchers have conducted a comprehensive survey on energy saving control methods and applications for WMD EVs. This paper presents a comprehensive review of energy saving methods and applications for EVs, as common approaches in energy saving and regenerative braking are reviewed. Then, regenerative braking in EV is presented in detail, including control strategies, simulation methods, energy storage system, case study, and efficiency and optimization methods. Moreover, the motor efficiency and motor loss efficiency optimization are discussed. Finally, the future research trends in energy efficiency saving control methods for EVs are elaborated. Therefore, this review not only provides a comprehensive analysis of recent energy saving control methods and applications for EVs but also demonstrates insights into new directions and optimizations for energy saving technologies for environmentally friendly and traffic-friendly EVs in a smart city.
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