Abstract:Bromelain was extracted from crown, flesh, core, and peel of some variant of Nigerian pineapple fruits in order to evaluate its amount and characteristics. Each part of pineapple after separation was weighed, blended, filtered and then filtrate was precipitated with ethanol and centrifuged. All extracts from each stage were collected and assayed for bromelain activity. The concentration of protein was also measured by using BSA as standard while proteolytic activity was determined using Azocasein 1% (w/v) as substrate at standard conditions. The optimum temperature and pH were also evaluated. The result showed that bromelain could be obtained from all parts of pineapple. Ananas fitzmulleri (Agric) had the highest weight (1486.42 g) and flesh content (53.5%) compared to other varieties while bromelain obtained from all parts and in the different varieties had optimum activity at 40°C and pH of 7. Hence ethanol precipitation method is viable for bromelain recovery.
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a cash crop of huge economic significance in the world
This study evaluated the tyrosinase-inhibition activities of three extracts; methanol, acetone and dichloromethane of Datura metel leaves. The bioactive components were extracted and then evaluated for their inhibitory effect in vitro on mushroom tyrosinase, using a colorimetric procedure. The Methanolic extract of the plant leaf had the highest inhibition of tyrosinase conversion of substrate L-DOPA with 72.14% inhibition at peak concentration of 400 µg/ml considered unlike their respective acetone (51.08%) and dichloromethane (65.57%) extracts. All the Datura metel extracts had below 50% inhibition between concentrations of 3.1 µg/ml to 200 µg/ml except the methanolic extract which had 53.46% inhibition at 200 µg/ml. Although, there was a steady increase in tyrosinase inhibition for all plant extracts, however none of the plants extracts inhibition exceeded kojic acids inhibition at all concentrations considered.
Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in melanin biosynthesis, as it catalyzes the oxidation of o-diphenols to o-quinones.Cam wood dye was extracted using methanol, acetone and dichloromethane; while extracts obtained were screened for Phytochemicals as well as their tyrosinase inhibitory effects and kinetic studies. Phytochemical screening of the three extracts showed the presence of total phlobatanins in all extracts except methanolic which had minute presence. Cardiac glycosides and flavonoids were also observed in the dichloromethane extracts and methanolic extract respectively. The methanolic extracts had best enzyme inhibition (84.1%) at highest concentration considered of 400µg/ml as compared to the dichloromethane and acetone extracts with peak values of 58.5 and 51.5% respectively. The enzyme kinetics analysis of substrate showed same inhibition type for three extracts which was non-competitive and its mechanism irreversible. The Michealis-Mentens constants for the three extracts were determined to be 0.344, 0.355 and 0.214mM, for acetone, dichloromethane and methanolic extracts respectively while the values of V max /K m shows inhibiting extracts followed the order: methanol extract > acetone extract > dichloromethame extract. The result therefore showed that methanolic extracts of Cam wood dye was the most effective in tyrosinase inhibition.
This study evaluated the phytochemical compositions, antioxidant properties, chlorophyll content and anti-tyrosinase activity of methanol leaf extracts of two tomato varieties, Lycopersicon esculentum (var. Eva F1) and Lycopersicon esculentum Mill (var. Hausa). The dried pulverized of the plant’s leaves were extracted by decoction and mild agitation. Phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannin, glycoside, saponin, terpenoid and anthraquinone were present in the extracts of both varieties examined, while alkaloid and phlobatannin were confirmed absent in the extracts. The presence of steroid was observed in var. Eva F1 but absent in var. Hausa. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of var. Eva F1 were 505.9 ± 2.61 mg GAE/ge, and 35.5 ± 1.64 mg RE/ge, while var. Hausa recorded a TPC and TFC value of 344.3 ± 2.01 and 7.8 ± 0.15 mg RE/ge respectively. The chlorophyll content of the extracts were 6.6 ± 0.02 mg/ge (chlorophyll a), 5.7 ± 0.05 mg/ge (chlorophyll b) and 12.6 ± 0.14 mg/ge (total chlorophyll content) for Eva F1 variety, while the chlorophyll contents for var. Hausa were 7.6 ± 0.32 mg.ge (chlorophyll a), 5.6 ± 0.06 mg/ge (chlorophyll b) and 13.7 ± 0.14 mg/ge. Eva F1 and Hausa showed percentage inhibition of 76.3 % and 61.2 % at 400 μg/mL. The IC50 value of var. Eva F1 and var. Hausa were 110 μg/mL and 160 μg/mL. The inhibition constant (KI) of var. Eva F1 and var. Hausa, were 0.006 and 0.016 μg/mL, respectively, and both extracts showed partial competitive inhibition. Hence, this confirms the phytoprotective and tyrosinase inhibitory properties of tomato plant leaves.
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