The incidence of type 2 diabetes is growing rapidly, not only in developed countries but also worldwide. We chose to study type 2 diabetes in West Africa, where diabetes is less common than in the U.
Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) among children in Nigeria is tackled through the outpatient therapeutic programme (OTP) of the Community‐based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) programme. CMAM is evidently effective in resolving SAM, but little evidence exists on the remaining risk of SAM relapse for children discharged as cured from the OTP. We aimed to measure and compare the 6‐month incidence of SAM among OTP‐cured and community control children and identify factors associated with SAM relapse. We conducted a prospective matched cohort study that tracked 553 OTP‐cured and 526 control children in Sokoto State, Northern Nigeria. Outcomes and covariates were measured fortnightly in up to 12 home visits. We used multivariate Cox and accelerated failure time models to identify significant risk correlates, where the covariates to be tested for correlation with relapse were selected using domain knowledge and automatic feature selection methods. SAM incidence rates were 52 times higher in the OTP‐cured cohort (0.204/100 child‐days) than in the community control cohort (0.004/100 child‐days). Children with lower mid‐upper arm circumference at OTP admission, with lower height/length‐for‐age
z
‐scores, whose household head did not work over the full year, who lived in an area previously affected by environmental shocks, who were female and who had diarrhoea before the visit had a significantly higher relapse risk. Our study shows that OTP‐cured children remain at a significantly excess risk of SAM. To improve long‐term health outcomes of these children, programmes adopting a CMAM approach should strengthen follow‐up care and be integrated with other preventive services.
Uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) is involved in catalyzing estrogen, the hormone that plays a central role in the etiology of breast cancer. A common polymorphism [A(TA)6TAA (allele *1) to A(TA)7TAA change (allele *28)] in the TATA-box of the promoter region of the UGT1A1 gene has been reported to be associated with a reduced transcription of this gene. We investigated the association of this polymorphism with the risk of breast cancer among 1047 breast cancer cases and 1083 community controls in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study, a population-based case-control study. Approximately same proportion of cases (12.5%) and controls (13.0%) carried the variant allele *28 in the Chinese population (p = 0.32). When stratified by age, carrying the *28 allele was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer among women aged less than 40 years (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.0-2.7) but not among women 40 years old and over (OR = 0.8; 0.7-1.1). Only a few women were homozygous for the *28 allele, precluding a detailed gene-dose association analysis. Additional analyses showed that, the elevated risk associated with the UGT1A1 *28 allele among young women was primarily seen in women who had a later menarche, short menstrual years, absence of family history of breast cancer, low waist-to-hip ratio, or low body-mass index. These results suggested that the *28 allele in the UGT1A1 gene may be associated with an increased risk for breast cancer among Chinese women under age 40. No significant associations were observed with *28 allele and breast cancer risk by estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor status.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.