Dimethylamine (DMA) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2) are present in numerous foods, food additive and environmental factors, which enhance chemical driven liver damage by inducing oxidative stress and cellular injury. Therefore, this study evaluated the possible therapeutic and protective effects of selected plant extracts on dimethylamine (DMA) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2)-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. The selected plants (Morinda lucida, Securine gavirosa, Xylopia aethiopica, Piper guineense and Calotropis procera) were extracted by maceration in distilled water and concentrated using freeze dryer. Swiss male albino mice were divided into Group I (control group) received distilled water; group II were administered orally with DMA (150 mg/kg body weight) and NaNO2 (100 mg/kg body weight) twice every week for 4 weeks, group III were treated orally with extract every 48 hrs simultaneously with DMA and NaNO2 and continued until the end of the experiment, group IV were treated orally with extract and fractions (150 mg/kg body weight) every 48 hrs for four weeks after the administration of DMA and NaNO2 and continued until the end of the experiment (4 weeks) and group V were given 5-flourouracil every 48 hours after induction of liver toxicity in mice. Liver function (alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase, gamma glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase) tests were done in the serum of mice using standard method. Extract of P. guineense exhibited the best activity and was fractionated for further hepatoprotective studies. Liver sections of the mice treated with fractions of P. guineense were used for immuno-histochemical studies for p53, BCl-2, COX-2 and Ki-67 expression, and liver histological analysis. The antioxidant status of the mice treated with fractions of P. guineense was determined by measuring the catalase activity, sodium dismutase activity, reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde concentrations in the liver homogenates. Data were expressed as mean and considered significant at p<0.05 by one-way Analysis of Variance using Graph Pad Prism 5. The results of this study showed that activities of liver enzymes were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in groups treated with aqueous extracts after liver toxicity induction in mice. Treatment with fractions of P. guineense enhanced the antioxidant status of the mice administered with DNA/NaNO2. Oral administration of fractions of P. guineense to mice conferred hepatoprotection as evident from normal serum enzyme levels and reduced injuries on hepatocytes. Immuno-histochemical analysis of the liver samples revealed reduction in the expression of anti-apoptotic protein BCl2 and COX-2 in the mice treated with fractions of P. guineense and non-expression of cell cycle regulator p53 and Ki-67 after toxicity induction in mice. The ability of the selected extracts and fractions of P. guineense to impose certain ameliorative effects on DMA and NaNO2 induced toxicities in mice provided some scientific basis for their use in traditional medicine. The extracts might be used for liver toxicity treatment and/or prevention.
This study assessed the effects of Sarcocephalus latifolius Afzel. Ex R.Br. leaf powder on the kidney function of alloxan-induced diabetes rats. Forty-five healthy female albino rats were used in the experiment and assigned into 9 different groups. Diabetes was induced intravenously with 150 mg/kg body weight alloxan. Normal and diabetic rats were administered orally with 300, 600, 750mg/kg/ b.w of S. latifolius. After 28 days, the animals were sacrificed and blood with the kidney were harvested for biochemical and histological studies. In our result, significant (p<0.05) increase was observed in creatinine concentration of diabetic rats, which was significantly (p<0.05) decreased upon administration of 300 and 750 mg/kg body weight of Sarcocephalus latifolius leaf powder. No significant (p>0.05) difference was observed in the urea concentration of all the groups. Significant (p<0.05) difference in sodium concentration was only observed between the diabetic untreated and metformin treated groups whereas, potassium concentration varied significantly (p<0.05) across the groups. Certain degenerative changes in the kidney of normal and diabetic rats treated and untreated with S. latifolius leaf powder were observed but at a lower degree in the group treated with the 300 mg/kg/bw of the leaf powder. The result of this study showed the possible renal toxicity potential of the plant at high dose.
Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Leukemia, a cancer of the blood and bone marrow is responsible for about 222.000 deaths annually. The side effects of chemotherapy in leukemia treatment have necessitated the search for natural products especially medicinal plants as alternative therapy. Aim: This study surveyed common plants used for treating leukemia in Oyo state, Nigeria and assessed the anti-leukemic and anti-clastogenic activities of fractions of Nymphaea lotus. Methods: Semi-structured questionnaire (1000) was used to collect the ethnobotanical data among the traditional healers. Leukemia was induced in albino mice with 400 mg/kg body weight of benzene intraperitoneally. Aqueous extracts (120mg/kg/bw), fractions and 5-florouracil (25mg) was administered to mice of different groups. The anti-leukemic, anti-clastogenic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective activities and hematological parameters were determined. N. lotus was subjected to gas-chromatography mass spectroscopy analysis. Results: The ethnobotanical survey recorded 89 plant species with their local names and parts used in the traditional therapeutic preparations. Seven plants (Pistiastratiotes (2.5%), Nymphaea lotus (1.4%), Piper guineense (1.7%), Securinega virosa (2.5%), Calotropis procera (3.4%), Morinda lucida (2.5%) and Xylopia aethiopica (4.5%) with the highest frequency of citation were selected for anti-leukemic and anti-clastogenic screening. The aqueous extract of N. lotus and M. lucida displayed anti-leukemic potential. M. lucida and X. aethiopica improved the hematological parameters. Ethyl acetate fraction of N. lotus significantly (p<0.05) reduced the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte in the bone marrow and showed anti-leukemic activity. Fractions of N. lotus restored the hematological parameters and exhibited significant (p<0.05) antioxidant activity. Histological observation revealed improvement in the liver general cyto-architecture of mice treated with ethyl acetate and butanol fractions of N. lotus. Some known compounds were identified in ethyl acetate fraction of N. lotus. Conclusion: Most of the species tested had some anti-leukemic effect in mice, which to some extent supports their traditional inclusion in herbal preparations for treatment of leukemia. The study also identified potential anti-leukemic compounds in N. lotus extract. The study also identified potential anti-leukemic compounds in N. lotus extract.
In recent times, the application of artificial intelligence in facilitating, capturing, and restructuring Big data has transformed the accuracy of diagnosis and treatment of diseases, a field known as precision medicine. Big data has been established in various domains of medicine for example, artificial intelligence has found its way into immunology termed as immunoinformatics. There is evidence that precision medicine tools have made an effort to accurately detect, profile, and suggest treatment regimens for thyroid dysfunction using Big data such as imaging and genetic sequences. In addition, the accumulation of data on polymorphisms, autoimmune thyroid disease, and genetic data related to environmental factors has occurred over time resulting in drastic development of clinical autoimmune thyroid disease study. This review emphasized how genetic data plays a vital role in diagnosing and treating diseases related to autoimmune thyroid disease like Graves’ disease, subtle subclinical thyroid dysfunctions, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and hypothyroid autoimmune thyroiditis. Furthermore, connotation between environmental and endocrine risk factors in the etiology of the disease in genetically susceptible individuals were discussed. Thus, endocrinologists’ potential hurdles in cancer and thyroid nodules field include unreliable biomarkers, lack of distinct therapeutic alternatives due to genetic difference. Precision medicine data may improve their diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities using artificial intelligence.
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