For a century, hypothesis of a variable time is laid down by the Relativity Theory. This hypothesis can explain many Nature observations, experiments and formulas, for example the Lorentz factor demonstration. Because of such good explanations, the hypothesis of a variable time has been validated. Nevertheless, it remains some paradoxes and some predictions which are difficult to measure, as a reversible time or the time variation itself. The purpose of this article is to study another hypothesis. If it gives interesting results, it would mean that this alternative hypothesis can also be validated. The idea in this paper is to replace the variable time by a variable inertial mass. To the difference with the Theory of Relativity (where the inertial mass and the gravitational mass are equal and variable), the gravitational mass is here supposed to be constant. So, starting from the definition of the kinetic energy, it is introduced the Lorentz factor. And then it is demonstrated the value of the Lorentz factor thanks to a variable inertial mass. This variable inertial mass can also explain experiments, like Bertozzi experiment. If this alternative demonstration was validated, it could help to open doors, other physical effects could be explained like the addition of velocities.
Dark energy is argued by the accelerating expansion of the Universe but has not been directly measured. In this article, some uncertainties are pointed out, first one being the determination of the Hubble constant. And the main parameters (magnitude, distance, redshift, velocity) are checked. Distinguishing the instantaneous velocity from the average velocity, it is then concluded from the same data that the expansion would not be accelerating, and that the Gravity would slightly slow down the motion of explosion. Moreover, at the end of the paper, it is proposed a neo-Newtonian approach to get the computed values in a closer agreement with the observed values; this Neo-Newtonian Mechanics is in coherence with the Quantum Mechanics.
It briefly recalls the theory of Bell's inequality and some experimental measures. Then measurements are processed on one hand according to a property of the wave function, on the other hand according to the sum definition. The results of such processed measures are apparently not the same, so Bell's inequality would not be violated. It is a use of the wave function which implies the violation of the inequality, as it can be seen on the last flowcharts.
The traditional thermodynamic theory explains the reversible phenomena quite well, except that reversible phenomena are rare or even impossible in practice. Here the purpose is to propose an explanation valid for reversible and also irreversible phenomena, irreversibility being common or realistic. It previously exposed points tricky to grasp, as the sign of the work exchange, the adiabatic expansion in vacuum (free expansion) or the transfer of heat between two bodies at the same temperature (isothermal transfer). After having slightly modified the concepts of heat transfer (each body produces heat according to its own temperature) and work (distinguishing external pressure from internal pressure), the previous points are more easily explained. At last, an engine efficiency in case of irreversible transfer is proposed. This paper is focused on the form of thermodynamics, on "explanations"; it does not question on "results" (except the irreversible free expansion of 1845...) which remain unchanged.
Newton's theory of gravitation has been outdated by relativity theory explaining specific phenomena like perihelion precession of Mercury, light deflection and very recently the detection of gravitational waves. But the disappearance of the obvious gravitational force and the variation of time are arguable concepts difficult to directly prove. Present methodology is based on hypotheses as expressed in a previous article: a universal time and an inertial mass variable according to the Lorentz factor (which could not be envisioned at Newton's age). Because this methodology is mainly stood on Newtonian mechanics, it will be called neo-Newtonian mechanics. This theory is in coherence with the time of the Quantum Mechanics. In Newtonian mechanics, all forces, including gravitational force, are deducted from the linear momentum. Introducing the variable inertial mass, the result of the demonstration is an updated expression of the net force at high velocity: F = γ 3 m g a. If such a factor in γ 3 can look a bit strange at first sight for a force, let us remind that the lost energy in a synchrotron is already measured in γ 4. Next article will be on the perihelion precession of Mercury within neo-Newtonian mechanics.
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