Gravity vs. Dark Energy, about the Expansion of the Universe

Abstract

Dark energy is argued by the accelerating expansion of the Universe but has not been directly measured. In this article, some uncertainties are pointed out, first one being the determination of the Hubble constant. And the main parameters (magnitude, distance, redshift, velocity) are checked. Distinguishing the instantaneous velocity from the average velocity, it is then concluded from the same data that the expansion would not be accelerating, and that the Gravity would slightly slow down the motion of explosion. Moreover, at the end of the paper, it is proposed a neo-Newtonian approach to get the computed values in a closer agreement with the observed values; this Neo-Newtonian Mechanics is in coherence with the Quantum Mechanics.

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“…The argument for dark energy largely relies on the universe's expansion acceleration, even though direct measurements remain elusive. The verification of existing data hinges on the disparity between observed and calculated redshift magnitudes, yet its interpretation remains uncertain [6]. A promising new numerical method has been proposed for constructing models of binary systems involving neutron black holes [7].…”

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“…When we verify the data, this interpretation is based on the difference between the magnitude of the observed and the calculated size of a particular redshift. But there are a lot of uncertain relationships [18]. The unexpected fainting of the high-redshift type Ia Supernova (SNe Ia), as measured by two teams, has been interpreted as evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating [15].…”

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“…When we verify the data, this interpretation is based on the difference between the magnitodi observation and the calculated size of a particular red shift. But there are a lot of uncertain relationships [6]. The unexpected fainting of the high redshift type Ia Supernova (SNe Ia), as measured by two teams, has been interpreted as evidence that the expansion of universe is accelerating [3].…”