Why and how do people engage in a radical movement? To answer this question, this paper analyses two Kurdish movements in Turkey, the PKK and the Hizbullah, under three different aspects. First, the constitution of radical groups is explained as a way for political entrepreneurs without social and economic capital to mobilize ressources. Radicalisation is also results of the competition with others groups belonging to the same political field. Secondly, personal dispositions are actualised during the process of adhesion. Here, the first group of militants linked by strong and multiple links has to be distinguished from the second generation, more likely to be made up by isolated individuals. Finally, the paper analyses two ways to bridge the old values of the primary socialization and the new world of the party: values such as charism and honor (namus) work in both universes and biographies (or autobiographies) allow individuals to recreate a coherence in their self-perception.
Les chercheurs ont surtout analysé les théories de l’« Homme nouveau » en tant que composante idéologique des systèmes totalitaires. Fondée sur l’étude du Parti des Travailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK), la plus importante organisation du mouvement kurde de Turquie, cet article dépasse le cadre des idéologies d’Etat pour analyser les relations entre théories et pratiques, et pour évaluer les effets concrets de la doctrine de l’Homme nouveau sur les activistes du PKK. Cet article examine donc les discours politiques au sein du PKK afin de comprendre comment, au delà du marxisme et du nationalisme, s’est institutionnalisée une construction spécifique de l’Homme nouveau au sein de l’organisation. A cette fin, le parti a utilisé un certain nombre de dispositifs disciplinaires : l’autocritique a notamment joué un rôle très important dans toutes les branches de l’organisation. Evaluer l’efficacité de ces dispositifs est difficile, mais l’article suggère que l’étude des trajectoires biographiques des individus engagés permet de mieux comprendre pourquoi et surtout comment certains militants ont pu (ou pas) se conformer aux idéaux développés par le PKK.
La production de l'Homme nouveau au sein du PKK
This introductory chapter provides an overview of identity and identity hierarchies, identifying the three ways in which hierarchies are transformed. The rapid and even brutal transformation of identity hierarchies, a common feature in the countries studied here, is based on three dynamics: a revolution in which the center redefines the reference identity, socio-economic transformations increasing the level of interaction and competition, and moral shocks or changes to the regimes of subjectification. The brutal denaturalization of group hierarchies occurs when the state instigates a new relative value of religious or ethnic identities in the aftermath of a revolution. Moreover, migrations, rural exodus, and the redefinition of ethnic skills in industrialized modes of production all transform the value of identities. Lastly, the shift from the left-wing “revolutionary idea” to Islamism brings with it new regimes of subjectification, placing religious identities at the center of the political stage and of individuals' identifications.
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