The government of Laos has identified the eradication of poverty as a priority. Given the primarily agricultural character of the country, it has selected land reform as a core policy to reach this goal. The policy has two major aims: to increase land tenure security in order to encourage farmer involvement in intensive farming, and to eliminate slash-and-burn agriculture to protect the environment in a country still rich in forest resources. State intervention takes the form of land allocation, a process which combines the protection of some areas of village land with the formal recognition of private ownership in authorized farming areas. In a country with different types of geography, the effects of the policy are variable, but the research presented in this article demonstrates that the land laws have shortcomings which allow for differing interpretations depending on the local social relationships. Since local specificities are not taken into account, the reform is proving counterproductive for both forest protection and agricultural modernization, as well as having a negative social impact by marginalizing the poorest farmers.
Farmers are often blamed for destroying the tropical forest, especially in Laos. Converting shifting cultivation into cash crop based agriculture is frequently presented as the solution for merging forest protection and poverty alleviation, but many attempts have ended in failure. A rural development project has attempted to introduce medicinal cardamom (Amomum villosum) cultivation in the notably remote region of Phongsaly (northern Laos), for export to China. With nearly 300 ha planted, the crop now involves about 75% of the farmers in the region. Farmers fitted cardamom into their farming system, to suit their needs for sustainability with a crop compatible with existing practices. Results indicate that introducing a cash crop into a shifting cultivation region is possible if a greater attention is paid to: (i) appraise how the new crop fits into the farming systems; (ii) prioritise economic issues over agronomic matters, in particular identify markets, traders or commercial risks.
Enjeux de la recomposition des exploitations agricoles collectives des grands périmètres irrigués en Algérie : le cas du Bas-Cheliff Résumé La réforme de 1987 du secteur agricole public en Algérie a donné naissance à des exploitations agricoles collectives et individuelles, de tailles plus modestes et plus autonomes que les domaines étatiques dont elles étaient issues. Par la suite, les exploitations collectives ont été divisées de manière informelle suite à des différends entre attributaires. Cet article propose une analyse de la crise actuelle du modèle algérien d'agriculture collective dans le périmètre irrigué du Bas-Cheliff. L'objectif est d'analyser l'émergence de nouvelles formes d'exploitations agricoles, de comprendre leur différenciation actuelle et de déterminer les principaux facteurs qui influencent les trajectoires d'évolution. Nous mettons en évidence une grande diversité de formes d'exploitations agricoles et une hétérogénéité de leurs performances économiques, qui dépendent de la structure antérieure des exploitations et de la capacité des agriculteurs à mettre en place des arrangements pour l'accès à l'eau. La reconnaissance des nouvelles formes d'exploitations agricoles apparaît nécessaire à la relance des productions, affichée comme l'objectif d'une politique agricole renouvelée.
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