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Reunion Island, a French overseas region located in the Indian Ocean, is facing a threefold challenge combining demographics, the environment and energy. To limit its heavy dependence on imported fossil fuels, Reunion Island aims to achieve energy autonomy by 2030 based on greater energy efficiency and renewable energy alternatives. The objective of this study is to analyze different scenarios to reach electricity autonomy and, at the same time, consider the wide-scale integration of renewable energy in the island's power system using the bottom-up optimization energy model TIMES-Reunion. Despite the tremendous potential of renewable energy sources present on the island, the transition to 100% renewable energy needs to be supported by incentives or constraints. Strong energy policies can both direct the choice of renewable resources and accelerate the renewable transition. The development of biomass on Reunion Island is economically interesting. The transition scenarios show that by 2030, electricity from biomass advantageously replaces electricity from coal and represents slightly more than 50% of electricity generation. Solar and wave/ocean energies are not the most cost effective option, but wind energy tends to disappear in the face of these energies more politically supported. A network regulation rule benefits biomass and is more detrimental to solar than to wave energy. The decarbonized transition of the power system incurs higher total discounted system costs due to the additional costs induced by the different incentives to promote certain renewables, with some pathways toward energy autonomy appearing more costly than others.

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International audienceAmong technological options to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, biomass energy with carbon capture and storage technology (BECCS) is gaining increasing attention. This alternative offers a unique opportunity for a net removal of atmospheric CO 2 while fulfilling energy needs. Empirical studies using bottom-up energy models show that BECCS has an important role to play in the future energy mix. Most of these studies focus on global BECCS potential, whereas it is of interest to understand where this mitigation option will be deployed. This key issue will strongly depend on regions' biomass resources and possession of storage sites. The aim of this study is to assess the global and regional potential of BECCS up to 2050 in power generation. This analysis is conducted using the multiregional TIAM-FR optimization model. The climate policy scenarios investigated lead to a considerable expansion of renewable energy and CCS and BECCS technologies in the power sector. CCS from fossil fuel is mainly deployed in fast developing countries (India and China) and BECCS is highly distributed in developing countries, even though biomass resources are widely available in all regions

Knowing that carbon capture and storage (CCS) could play an important role in reducing CO2 emissions, it is important to have a good understanding of this role and the importance of environmental policies to support carbon capture and geological storage from bioenergies (BECCS). To date CCS technologies are not deployed on a commercial level, and policy instruments should be used to provide incentives to firms to use these technologies to reduce pollution. The aim of this paper is to compare the cost-efficiency of several incentive-based instruments (a fossil fuel tax, an emissions tax, a cap and trade system that recognize negative emissions, and a subsidy on captured emissions) needed to spur the adoption of CCS of the emissions from fossil fuel as well as from biomass, using a dynamic general equilibrium model. The study shows that BECCS will be deployed only if a specific subsidy per unit of biomass emissions captured with a CCS technology is available. We show also that the two most cost-efficient instruments for achieving a given emissions reduction target are a specific subsidy that rewards captured emissions and a carbon tax whose revenues are recycled to subsidize BECCS. Keywords:Bioenergies with carbon capture and storage, dynamic computable general equilibrium model, policy instruments efficiency. RésuméLa capture et le stockage du carbone (CCS) à un rôle important à jouer dans la réduction des émissions de CO2. Elle peut s'appliquer aux énergies fossiles et aux bioénergies (BECCS). A l'heure actuelle, ces technologies ne sont pas encore au stade de la commercialisation. Il existe donc une nécessité de mettre en place des incitations économiques claires et crédibles pour faciliter leur développement. L'objectif de ce papier est de comparer l'efficacité-économique de plusieurs instruments économiques (une taxe fossile, une taxe sur les émissions, un système de permis négociable qui reconnait les émissions négatives et une subvention à la capture des émissions) capables de stimuler le CCS et le BECCS. Cette analyse est conduite grâce à un modèle dynamique d'équilibre général calculable. Les résultats montrent que la technologie BECCS, compte tenu de sa singularité, sera développée uniquement si une subvention à la capture des émissions issues de la biomasse est mise en place. De plus, les deux instruments les plus efficace-économiquement pour atteindre un niveau donné de réduction d'émissions sont la subvention à la capture des émissions et la taxe carbone dont les revenus sont recyclés sous forme de subvention au BECCS. Mots-clés :Capture et Stockage du Carbone, bioénergies, modèle d'équilibre général calculable, efficacité-économique, incitation-économique.3

To cope with dependency of imported fossil fuels, high shares of renewable energy sources are expected to expand in electricity production in Small Islands. The case of Reunion Island that aims at having an electricity generation based to 100% on renewable energies by 2030 is analyzed using a bottom-up cost-optimization TIMES model. Future production mixes are providing according to different scenarios focusing on alternatives renewable energy sources. The case of Reunion Island provides a good example for the definition of an energy policy fostering renewable technologies to supply electricity and highlighting the crucial role of incentives policies.