Naturally occurring arsenic in groundwater in Bangladesh poses a well-known public health threat. The aim of the present study is to investigate fostering and hindering factors of people's use of deep tubewells that provide arsenic-safe drinking water, derived from the Protection Motivation Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior. Structured personal interviews were conducted with 222 households in rural Sreenagar, Bangladesh. Multiple linear regressions were carried out to identify the most influential personal, social, and situational behavior determinants. Data revealed that social factors explained greater variance in the consumption of drinking water from deep tubewells than did situational and personal factors. In an overall regression, social factors played the biggest role. In particular, social norms seem to strongly influence deep tubewell use. But also self-efficacy and the perceived taste of shallow tubewell water proved influential. Concurrently considering other important factors, such as the most mentioned response cost (i.e., time needed to collect deep tubewell water), we propose a socially viable procedure for installing deep tubewells for the extended consumption of arsenic-safe drinking water by the Bangladeshi population.

Burnout is a widespread occupational stress outcome among child care teachers, jeopardizing the quality of care and children's development. This study aimed at exploring the relationships between individual and organizational level characteristics (representing the six work-life areas control, reward, workload, community, fairness, and values) and burnout levels because these nested associations are an overlooked area. We applied a mixed-effects model with data at the individual level (level 1) and child care center level (level 2) using assessments of 220 child care teachers and their 59 directors of 59 child care centers in a Swiss community. We found that the child care center mattered for the experienced burnout levels and that lower control and reward on level 1 and higher workload on level 2 were associated with higher burnout levels among child care teachers. These results suggest the need to target the individual and the organizational levels to tackle burnout symptoms. AbstractBurnout is a widespread occupational stress outcome among child care teachers jeopardizing care quality and hence children's development. This study aimed at exploring the relationships between individual and organizational level characteristics and burnout levels because these nested associations are one overlooked question in child care workforce research. The included characteristics reflect the six work-life areas: control, reward, workload, community, fairness, and values. We applied a mixed effects model with data at the individual level (level 1) and child care center level (level 2) using assessments of 220 child care teachers and their 59 directors working in 59 child care centers in a Swiss community. We found that 19% of variability of burnout symptoms was at the child care center level. Further, the analysis yielded that lower job control and reward on level 1 and higher workload on level 2 were associated with higher burnout levels among child care teachers. KeywordsBurnout symptoms -child care teachers -six work-life areas -two-level design -individual level -child care center level

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