The addition of popped Amaranthus cruentus grain to wheat bread formulation at 10, 15 and 20% levels (flour basis) was carried out to test the effects on sensory and nutritional characteristics of the supplemented bread samples. The addition of popped amaranth grain increased ash, protein and crude fiber content significantly. Zinc content increased by 42.6-74.6%, manganese content by 51.7-90.8%, magnesium content by 75.7-88.0% and calcium content by 57-171% in the supplementation ranges from 10 to 20% of popped amaranth grain. Bread samples supplemented with popped grains had a significantly higher content of squalene in comparison with the control sample (8-12 times higher). Loaf volume of supplemented bread samples decreased from 3.54 to 2.36 mL/g. Also, a significant increase in crumb hardness and lower crumb elasticity was observed. The supplementation contributed to denser crumb structure, more uniform porosity, improved crust color and flavor. It might be concluded that supplementation levels up to 15% (flour basis) were sensorially acceptable.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSBread made from refined wheat flour, besides being a good source of energy, is considered to be nutritionally poor. Therefore, the addition of inexpensive staples with superior nutritional quality such as some pulses, cereals or pseudocereals to wheat flour could improve the nutritional quality of wheat products. Amaranth is a pseudocereal that contains high levels of fat, dietary fibers, lysine and minerals, especially calcium and magnesium. The addition of 1 Corresponding 602 amaranth grain to wheat bread contributes to higher intakes of proteins, fibers, fat and minerals. The usage of popped amaranth grain is advantageous because it excludes the need for grain milling and the necessity for preparative steps before mixing in bakeries. In addition, thermal treatment increases the protein efficiency ratio and gelatinizes starch that affects positively the stability, strength and freshness of the crumb. Popped amaranth grain also contributes to the pleasant taste and overall acceptability of supplemented bread. EFFECTS OF AMARANTH GRAIN ON BREAD QUALITY 603 604 M. BODROŽA-SOLAROV ET AL.
Spelt varieties were tested in 2010 and 2011 for dough rheology, bread-making and allelic gene composition coding for HMW glutenin subunits in order to evaluate the baseline of their baking potential, as well as the suitability for its growth under organic conditions. Results showed that the tested genotypes had high protein and gluten contents, but varying gluten index exhibited moderate to poor rheological properties characterized with short dough stabilities. The spelt varieties showed typical bread yields, low specific volumes, and large variation in crumb firmness. Their bread-making potential was mostly associated with dough strength and tenacity. The majority of traits were significantly affected by genotype, year and their interaction. Genotype 1 and Genotype 3 showed moderate suitability for bread-making applications, whereas Genotype 2 had poor performance which was in agreement with their genetic potential as determined by the allelic composition. Spelt Genotype 3 showed the highest response to the tested dough strengthening improvers (ascorbic acid, transglutaminase, and glucose oxidase). All tested varieties were most responsive to the action of ascorbic acid
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