The thymus of outbred male rats 5 months after splenectomy (experimental secondary immunodeficiency) was studied by common histological and immunohistochemical methods using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to CD3, CD30, CD68, synaptophysin, to S100, p53, bcl-2, and Ki-67 proteins. Removal of the spleen led to acute involution of the thymic parenchyma, which was replaced by the adipose tissue and was associated with restructuring of the thymopoietic and nonthymopoietic components of the gland, changes in cellular composition and antigenic phenotype of the lobular cortical and medullary matter, and by reduction of cell proliferation.
Mast cells play an important role in many processes occurring in the human body. These include inflammation, allergic reactions, parasitic infections, carcinogenesis and others. Therefore, the detection of mast cells plays an important role in the diagnosis of pathological conditions. The purpose of the study is to summarize data on imaging methods of mast cells. Materials and methods. Review of available literature sources published in Elibrary and PubMed. Results. There are several major groups of methods for finding mast cells: histochemical, enzyme-linked histochemical and immunohistochemical. All are based on the ability to detect specific substances contained in mast cell granules. Histochemical methods include Unno, alcian blue and safranin staining of mast cells and others. The most modern method is mast cell visualisation using immunohistochemical reactions based on antigen-antibody reactions. Conclusion. This review presents the most common methods of mast cell staining, differing in difficulty of performance, specificity in relation to mast cells and staining cost.
The adrenal gland is one of the first organs to respond to external influences. Cortisol, with its important properties affecting the immune system, proliferation and apoptosis in various tissues, is a significant indicator of such a pathological process as malignant growth. Selenium is a powerful antioxidant having an immunomodulatory action and exhibiting anticarcinogenic effects. In this paper, we investigate adrenal morphofunctional changes under experimental carcinogenesis against the background of urethane and selenium administration by determining blood cortisol concentrations and studying the aggregate morphometric index of adrenal glands. The study revealed that carcinogen introduction imitates the adaptation syndrome stages in the organism and is accompanied by changes in the cortisol level and aggregate morphometric index. Maximal values of the studied parameters were detected after 1 month of exposure to carcinogen, which indicated the development of the alarm phase. A further decrease in the indices after 2 and 3 months down to the intact level indicates the development of the resistance stage. A sharp decrease in the indices after 6 months shows the exhaustion stage. An isolated course introduction of selenium leads to a reliable decrease in the aggregate morphometric index practically in all terms that indicates the stress-relieving influence of the microelement. The combined effects of selenium and carcinogen revealed a dropout of the alarm stage, but rapid elimination of the micronutrient from the body could not prevent the development of the exhaustion phase after 6 months.
Micro- and macroelements play a significant role in the unimpaired functioning of all organs and systems. Important essential trace elements include selenium, which plays a crucial role in many physiological processes, including immune responses. The purpose is to generalize available data on the effect of selenium on the functioning of various organs and systems of the human body. Materials and methods. This literature review presents data on the effect of selenium on the body, published in domestic and foreign literature sources. Results. Selenium belongs to essential trace elements; it is a part of various proteins and enzymes that have cytoprotective, antitumor, antimutagenic effects. In addition, selenium participates in the functioning of the body's endocrine, reproductive, immune and antioxidant systems, although it was previously considered one of the most toxic trace elements. Many studies have been devoted to the analysis of selenium's effect on the processes of carcinogenesis and prevention of the development of tumor processes of various localization. Selenium-containing enzymes play one of the leading roles in anti-carcinogenic action, as they take part in the antioxidant defense of the body, regulate apoptosis and cell proliferation, protect desoxyribonucleic acid from damage, affect the metabolism and detoxification of carcinogens. Conclusions. The study of selenium's antitumor effect is of the greatest interest at present, since the number of patients with oncopathology is increasing every year.
Цель исследования. Оценка распространенности различной патологии сосудов головного мозга по данным компьютернотомографической ангиографии (КТ-ангиографии) в Чувашской Республике. Материалы и методы. Результаты КТ-ангиографии 131 пациента отделения лучевой диагностики БУ «Республиканская клиническая больница» Минздрава Чувашской Республики (данные за 2016 г.). Результаты. По распространенности первое место среди различных видов патологии сосудов головного мозга занимают артериальные аневризмы (45% обследованных). При этом у женщин они выявлялись в 3 раза чаще, чем у мужчин. У 22% больных обнаружены множественные аневризмы. У 3,8% всех обследованных выявлены артериовенозные мальформации. У одной пациентки диагностирована редкая для России патология сосудов головного мозга-болезнь мойа-мойа. У 3 женщин определен тромбоз синусов твердой оболочки головного мозга. Заключение. Проведение КТ-ангиографии позволило диагностировать не только частую патологию сосудов головного мозга, но и ее редкие формы. Почти все выявленные заболевания сопровождались нарушениями мозгового кровообращения. Прослежена взаимосвязь сосудистой патологии и частоты развития осложнений с вариантами строения артериального круга большого мозга. Ключевые слова: КТ-ангиография, мозговые артерии, патология сосудов мозга, артериальная аневризма, артериовенозные мальформации.
Currently, due to a global spread of the new coronavirus infection, studying the methods for its early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of complications does not lose its relevance. The authors of the article studied the peripheral blood parameters of 104 patients with varying severity of coronavirus infection confirmed by PCR. Signs of lung damage were assessed according to computed tomography findings. The most pronounced changes were detected in the differential blood cell count and leukocytal indices, such as the lymphocyte index and the leukocytal shift index. In the white blood of patients with mild coronavirus, lymphocytosis was detected, in those with a severe infection – leukocytosis due to neutrophilia. When studying the leukocytal indices, a decrease in the lymphocyte index and an increase in the white blood cell shift index were found in patients with a severe course of the disease, which may indicate an unfavorable prognosis of the disease.
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