The thymus of outbred male rats 5 months after splenectomy (experimental secondary immunodeficiency) was studied by common histological and immunohistochemical methods using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to CD3, CD30, CD68, synaptophysin, to S100, p53, bcl-2, and Ki-67 proteins. Removal of the spleen led to acute involution of the thymic parenchyma, which was replaced by the adipose tissue and was associated with restructuring of the thymopoietic and nonthymopoietic components of the gland, changes in cellular composition and antigenic phenotype of the lobular cortical and medullary matter, and by reduction of cell proliferation.
Mast cells play an important role in many processes occurring in the human body. These include inflammation, allergic reactions, parasitic infections, carcinogenesis and others. Therefore, the detection of mast cells plays an important role in the diagnosis of pathological conditions. The purpose of the study is to summarize data on imaging methods of mast cells. Materials and methods. Review of available literature sources published in Elibrary and PubMed. Results. There are several major groups of methods for finding mast cells: histochemical, enzyme-linked histochemical and immunohistochemical. All are based on the ability to detect specific substances contained in mast cell granules. Histochemical methods include Unno, alcian blue and safranin staining of mast cells and others. The most modern method is mast cell visualisation using immunohistochemical reactions based on antigen-antibody reactions. Conclusion. This review presents the most common methods of mast cell staining, differing in difficulty of performance, specificity in relation to mast cells and staining cost.
Micro- and macroelements play a significant role in the unimpaired functioning of all organs and systems. Important essential trace elements include selenium, which plays a crucial role in many physiological processes, including immune responses. The purpose is to generalize available data on the effect of selenium on the functioning of various organs and systems of the human body. Materials and methods. This literature review presents data on the effect of selenium on the body, published in domestic and foreign literature sources. Results. Selenium belongs to essential trace elements; it is a part of various proteins and enzymes that have cytoprotective, antitumor, antimutagenic effects. In addition, selenium participates in the functioning of the body's endocrine, reproductive, immune and antioxidant systems, although it was previously considered one of the most toxic trace elements. Many studies have been devoted to the analysis of selenium's effect on the processes of carcinogenesis and prevention of the development of tumor processes of various localization. Selenium-containing enzymes play one of the leading roles in anti-carcinogenic action, as they take part in the antioxidant defense of the body, regulate apoptosis and cell proliferation, protect desoxyribonucleic acid from damage, affect the metabolism and detoxification of carcinogens. Conclusions. The study of selenium's antitumor effect is of the greatest interest at present, since the number of patients with oncopathology is increasing every year.
Introduction. Breast cancer in women is a very common malignant tumor. The prognosis of the development and management of the disease depend on the clinical stage and biological subtype of the tumor. The aim of the research was to study immunohistochemical characteristics of sentinel lymph nodes in various molecular and biological subtypes of breast cancer. Materials and methods. We studied 44 lymph nodes of females with a diagnosed breast cancer using histological and immunohistochemical methods. Regional axillary lymph nodes without signs of metastatic lesions were taken into the investigation. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed; monoclonal antibodies to S100 protein and cluster of lymphocyte differentiation 4 and 8 were used. We used light microscopy to assess the results. Results. We determined molecular and biological subtypes of breast cancer. In 45.5% of cases (n=20) women were diagnosed with luminal cancer (Lum); in 25% of cases (n=11), with Her2+ variant; and in 29.5% of cases (n=13), with Tr– cancer (triple-negative). A more pronounced expression of S100-positive cells was observed in the paracortical zone of lymph nodes in triple-negative compared with the luminal one. We revealed uneven distribution of СD8+ lymphocytes in various subtypes of breast cancer, with an increase in their area in the following sequence: Lum (18.6%), Her2+ (19.8%), and Tr– (20.1%). The lowest number of СD4+ lymphocytes was found in the luminal breast cancer. The largest number of CD4+ cells was observed in the Her2+ subtype. Conclusion. The research demonstrated no reliable differences in the reaction of various sub-populations of T-lymphocytes in early-stage breast cancer. At the same time, we revealed a reliable increase in the number of intrafollicular S100+ cells that indicates dendrite cells activation in Tr– cancer. Keywords: breast cancer, immunohistochemistry, regional lymph node, cellular immunity, lymphocytes
The article presents the main morphological and immunohistochemical changes of the spleen in rats in 1 and 4 months after the course injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. The increase in the number of CD68 + -cells in the red pulp and S100+cells in the germinal centers of lymphoid nodules was registered 1 month after injection in the spleen. The number of CD79α + and CD45RO + cells in white pulp structures, on the other hand, decreases. The area of lymphoid nodules and their germinal centers, the width of the marginal zone and periarterial lymphoid couplings are reduced. The total number of secondary lymphoid nodules increases. Four months after the end of the course of carcinogen injections, there is a significant increase in the number of CD68 + -cells in the red spleen pulp. Changes in the number of CD68 + and S100 + cells in germination centers are unreliable. The number of CD79α + and CD45RO + cells is significantly reduced. Changes in the morphological phenotype of the spleen at this time consist in a more pronounced reduction in the area of the lymphoid nodules with their germinal centers, the width of the periarterial lymphoid couplings and the marginal zone, as well as an increase in the number of secondary lymphoid nodules.
Oncopathology is one of the main mortality causes in the population. The immediate cause of death in a patient with cancer is metastatic spreading. The study of this pathological process is difficult due to asymptomatic course of the metastatic process, non-specificity of the main clinical analyses, impossibility of in-life studying the process of metastatic spreading. For this reason, laboratory models of metastatic spreading are being investigated, which can be connected both with direct introduction of tumor strains into the organ and with the development of metastases during experimental carcinogenesis. The issue of studying the endocrine system and its influence on the processes of metastatic spreading remains relevant. One of the organs that react to changes in the internal environment is the adrenal glands. The adrenal cortex plays an important role in the body's homeostasis, controlling the amount of cortisol, aldosterone and sex hormones (androgens and a small amount of estrogens), while the adrenal medulla controls stress reactions by discharging adrenaline and norepinephrine. Each of the hormones synthesized by the adrenal glands is somehow involved in the processes of carcinogenesis and metastatic spreading. Thus, cortisol, one of the hormones formed in the adrenal cortex, has a pronounced immunosuppressive effect, it affects the rate of cell proliferation, angiogenesis, differentiation and apoptosis, has a destructive effect on connective tissue. An increase in catecholamines in the blood leads to the damage to biological membranes, which stimulates adhesion and extravasation of tumor cells. In addition, catecholamines stimulate lymphoproliferation. Sex hormones affect not only hormone-dependent tumors of the reproductive system by stimulating cell growth, enhancing uncontrolled cell proliferation and angiogenesis, but tumors of other organs as well. Aldosterone, acting on the vascular wall, promotes the penetration of tumor cells into the vascular bed and their spread throughout the body.
In 2020 the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection spread in almost all countries of the world. The danger of this infection lies in the damage to the lungs, which can lead to fatal outcomes. The success of treatment is largely determined by the early diagnosis of the disease and its timely treatment. In order to find the ways of early laboratory diagnosis of coronavirus infection, we studied changes in peripheral blood indicators, coagulograms and C-reactive protein in 56 outpatient patients with mild course of coronavirus infection, whose average age was 49±2 years (among them, 23.2% were men and 66.8% were women). In all patients, coronavirus infection was confirmed by the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal smears. Signs of lung damage were detected in 66% of patients according to computed tomography findings. The number of red blood cells and the level of hemoglobin in all patients were normal. In 7% of patients, thrombocytopenia was detected, in 5.3% of patients – thrombocytosis. The most pronounced changes are foundin the leucoformula and indicators of the blood coagulation system. In 12.5% of patients without signs of viral pneumonia, leukocytosis was detected. All cases of leukopenia were noted only against the background of lung damage, at this, in 16% lymphopenia was found, 43% had relative lymphocytosis. The coagulogram of more than half of the patients with pneumonia showed shortening of blood clotting in the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) test, an increase in prothrombin index(PI) and the content of fibrinogen. The level of C-reactive protein was increased in only a quarter of patients with mild lung damage. Thus, changes in the leucoformula against the background of a tendency to hypercoagulation in blood clotting indicators should cause doctors' apprehensive attitude when treating a patient with clinical symptoms similar to COVID-19.
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