Males of a Drosophila melanogaster isogenic line with a mutation of the major gene for radius incompletus (ri) were treated by standard light heat shock (3TC for 90 min) and by heavy heat shock (transfer of males from 37C for 2 hr to 4rC for 1 hr and back; this procedure was repeated three times). In the F1 generation of treated males mated with nontreated females of the same isogenic line, mass transpositions of copia-like mobile genetic element Dm-412 were found. The altered positions ofthe element seem nonrandom; five "hot spots" of transposition were found. Probabilities of transpositions were estimated after light heat shock and heavy heat shock and in the control sample. These probabilities were, respectively, 3.4 x 10-2, 8.7 x 10-2, and <4.1 x 10-4 transpositions per genome per occupied position per generation. Therefore, as a result of heat shock treatment, the probabilities of transpositions were two orders of magnitude greater than those of the control sample in the next generation after induction. Comparison of the results with those after stepwise temperature treatment shows that the induction depends on the intensity of the stress action (temperature treatment) rather than on the type of the stress action. (7) and HS regulation sites (8, 9). After HS treatment of flies, transcription and transposition of different MGEs seemed to be activated (9-11).From this evidence, speculations and hypotheses have been advanced about the genetic system of HS regulation in relation to heritable temperature effects in Drosophila (4, 5, 10-12). There have also been theories about the evolutionary importance of the genome system of MGE genomic patterns after environmental stress (temperature, etc.) (4,5,(10)(11)(12).However, the data are incomplete. Vasilyeva and coworkers (1-3, 13) in most of their work used heterogeneous Drosophila lines, and in situ hybridization was done many tens of generations after temperature treatment. Indeed, in some repeated experiments this interval was decreased to several generations with the same results. But the possibility of selective influence was not excluded completely. Junakovic et al. (6) found the effects in the next generation, but their restriction fragments were not compared with patterns of MGE localization in polytene chromosomes.In this paper (see also ref. 14), we present data that demonstrate multiple transpositions of copia-like MGE Dm-412 in the next generation after HS treatment. This work was done with an isogenic Drosophila line to decrease pattern variability in the control sample and after treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODSIsogenic Lines. The isogenic lines with a mutation of the major gene for ri were created by using marked balanced chromosomes (15): M5 (X chromosome), Cy/Pm (chromosome 2), D/Sb (chromosome 3). Of 20 isogenic lines, one (N 49) was used for the HS treatment, being most stable in its pattern of MGE Dm412 localization and expression of the character ri.Control Sample. Young males and virgin females were collected from mass cultures of isog...

To determine whether the COR compensates for the loss of aVOR gain, independent of species, we studied cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys in which all six semicircular canals were plugged. Gains and phases of the aVOR and COR were determined at frequencies ranging from 0.02 to 6 Hz and fit with model-based transfer functions. Following canal plugging in a rhesus monkey, the acute stage aVOR gain was small and there were absent responses to thrusts of yaw rotation. In the chronic state, aVOR behavior was characterized by a cupula/endolymph time constant of ≈0.07 s, responding only to high frequencies of head rotation. COR gains were ≈0 before surgery but increased to ≈0.15 at low frequencies just after surgery; the COR gains increased to ≈0.4 over the next 12 weeks. Nine weeks after surgery, the summated aVOR + COR responses compensated for head velocity in space in the 0.5–3 Hz frequency range. The gains and phases continued to improve until the 35th week, where the combined aVOR + COR stabilized with gains of ≈0.5–0.6 and the phases were compensatory over all frequencies. Two cynomolgus monkeys operated 3–12 years earlier had similar frequency characteristics of the aVOR and COR. The combined aVOR + COR gains were ≈0.4–0.8 with compensatory phases. To achieve gains close to 1.0, other mechanisms may contribute to gaze compensation, especially with the head free. Thus, while there are individual variations in the time of adaptation of the gain and phase parameters, the essential functional organization of the adaption to vestibular lesions is uniform across these species.

Sixteen neurons, including vestibular-only (VO), eye–head velocity (EHV), and position-vestibular-pause (PVP) neurons sensitive to head tilt were recorded in the rostromedial and in superior vestibular nuclei. Projection of the otolith polarization vector to the horizontal plane (response vector orientation [RVO]) was determined before and after prolonged head orientation in side-down position. The RVO of VO neurons shifted toward alignment with the axis of gravity when the head was in the position of adaptation. PVP neurons had similar changes in RVO. There were also changes in RVO in some EHV neurons, but generally in directions not related to gravity. Modeling studies have suggested that the tendency to align RVOs with gravity leads to tuning of gravity-dependent angular vestibular ocular reflex (aVOR) gain changes to the position of adaptation. Thus, coding of orientation in PVP neurons would contribute significantly to the gravity-dependent adaptation of the aVOR.

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In article the theoretical aspects connected with selection of complete sets of technological bases for orientation semi-finished product at processing of details are considered. Simulation is based on a comprehensive consideration of the complete set of dimensional relationships between the surfaces of parts for all degrees of freedom simultaneously. The conditions of a formal search of technological bases for preparation of orientation, as well as the sequence of processing the workpiece surfaces are described.