The design of new composite materials using extreme biomimetics is of crucial importance for bioinspired materials science. Further progress in research and application of these new materials is impossible without understanding the mechanisms of formation, as well as structural features at the molecular and nano‐level. It presents a challenge to obtain a holistic understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interaction of organic and inorganic phases under conditions of harsh chemical reactions for biopolymers. Yet, an understanding of these mechanisms can lead to the development of unusual—but functional—hybrid materials. In this work, a key way of designing centimeter‐scale macroporous 3D composites, using renewable marine biopolymer spongin and a model industrial solution that simulates the highly toxic copper‐containing waste generated in the production of printed circuit boards worldwide, is proposed. A new spongin–atacamite composite material is developed and its structure is confirmed using neutron diffraction, X‐ray diffraction, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy/selected‐area electron diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The formation mechanism for this material is also proposed. This study provides experimental evidence suggesting multifunctional applicability of the designed composite in the development of 3D constructed sensors, catalysts, and antibacterial filter systems.
The solution of the sludge utilization problem and yield increase at processing plants have great importance today all over the world. Disasters associated with the tailings dams failures have madeus develop technologies of tailings sludge utilization as a commercial product, reducing the environmental damage on the regions of mineral extraction. This research aimed to provide new data, methods and an analytical approach to solve the saponite sludge accumulation problem on mining enterprises with silicate coagulant to increase the rate of cycle water clarification for the enrichment process and the recycling of sludge to reduce its hazardous effect. Samples were taken in the deposit located in the north of the European part of Russia, where diamond bearing ore contain montmorillonite minerals, mostly saponite, which is considered to be a perspective secondary product. The content of this mineral in the sludge is above 20 wt.%. Saponite is a clay mineral with the general chemical formula (Ca,Na)0.3(Mg, Fe2+)3(Si, Al)4O10(OH)2·4H2O. The mineral has high adsorption, ion exchange, and catalytic and filtration properties; due to the developed diffuse layer, saponite particles are highly stable in an aqueous medium—the resulting suspension is highly stable and has slow sedimentation. During the research, a positive effect on the sedimentation process of clay saponite particles was established, due to the introduction of a coagulant containing 70% tricalcium silicate, at a dosage of 2 g/dm3 coagulant; the degree of purification of water containing the saponite clay suspension is 99%. The condensed sediment after the thermal drying and with the limestone addition can be used again as a coagulant or secondary product with enhanced properties;therefore, the sludge will be processed, and not stored.
Bei der Leiterplattenproduktion nach dem Druckverfahren fallen erhebliche Mengen kupferhaltiger Ätzlösungen an. Die Kupferrückgewinnung aus den ammoniakalischen Ätzbädern erfolgt über eine Zementation mit Aluminiumschrott mit Ausbringungsraten ≥ 99 % Cu. Anstelle der bis dato üblichen Deponierung wird die dabei anfallende aluminiumhaltige Lösung zu einem Koagulationsmittel für die Behandlung von Bergbautailings und Abwasser aufbereitet. Das hergestellte Flockungsmittel wurde eingehend charakterisiert und die Wirksamkeit als Koagulant für feindisperse Systeme im Jar‐Test untersucht und bestätigt.
Bei der Produktion von Aluminiumoxid aus dem Na-Aluminiumsilikat Nephelin fallen trotz einer integrierten Prozessführung große Reststoffmengen an, die der Deponierung zugeführt werden müssen. Mithilfe einer Rückgewinnung von Pirssonit, ist es möglich, aus dem anfallenden Nephelinschlamm Calciumcarbonat und Kieselsäurehydrogel zu gewinnen und so das Schlammaufkommen erheblich zu reduzieren. Das zurückgewonnene Calciumcarbonat kann in den Aufbereitungsprozess zurückgeführt und das Kieselsäurehydrogel für die Herstellung von Baustoffen und Geopolymeren eingesetzt werden.In the production of aluminum oxide from the Na-aluminum silicate nepheline, despite integrated process control large quantities of residual material are produced, which must be sent to landfill. With the help of a recovery of pirssonite, it is possible to extract calcium carbonate and silica hydrogel from the nepheline sludge and, thus, considerably reduce the sludge volume. The recovered calcium carbonate can be recycled into the preparation process and the silica hydrogel can be used for the production of building materials and geopolymers.Abbildung 2. Umsatz von Dicalciumsilikat (C 2 S) durch CO 2 im wä ssrigen Medium bei einer Temperatur von 50°C, 75°C und 95°C; s/l = 10, CO 2 -Volumenstrom = 0,6 Á 10 -3 m 3 h -1 mit einer CO 2 -Konzentration von 11 -12 Vol.-%.Abbildung 3. Mikroskopische Aufnahmen der Dicarbonatsalze nach a) 1 h bzw. b) 7 h CO 2 -Behandlung bei 95°C; c) nach 7 h mit gekennzeichneten Reaktionsbereichen. 496ForschungsarbeitChemie Ingenieur TechnikAbbildung 4. Abhä ngigkeit des Dicalciumsilikat (C 2 S)-Umsatzes von der Partikelgrö ße im Kohlensä ure-Verfahren; s/l = 10, CO 2 -Volumenstrom = 0,6 Á 10 -3 m 3 h -1 mit einer CO 2 -Konzentration von 11 -12 Vol.-%. Forschungsarbeit 497Chemie Ingenieur Technik
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