The article deals with the linguistic means of mind manipulation and the strategy of structuring information according to its relevance. The author offers an overall classification of manipulation strategies and tactics and goes on to analyse how the strategy of structuring information according to its relevance is implemented in various communicative situations. The article focuses on giving a detailed analysis of the strategy and linguistic and extra-linguistic means used to manipulate the addressee. The author looks into the theoretical grounds of-the compliment sandwich‖ along with its practical application in communication, analysing a failed attempt of this act and offering an explanation why the act was unsuccessful. The author also demonstrates how an act of mind manipulation may be successful even after the addressee realises they have been manipulated, offering reasons for such an outcome. Special attention is given to the analysis of mind manipulation act where the target is guided by the manipulator from beginning to end, without realising of being manipulated. The article maintains that a successful manipulation act is based on a variety of techniques as well as the knowledge of the addressee's personal traits and the dexterity of the manipulator. Verbal means are enforced by non-verbal ones producing the desired effect.
The purpose of this article is to give detailed description to all possible semantic and morphological features of Germanic preterite-present verbs. Some research has dealt with the problem of preterite-present present verbs; however, semantic and morphological functions of these verbs were studied only by singling out verb characteristics, peculiarities, potential possibilities in different Germanic languages without any alignment of the obtained results. There is little information available on preterite-present verbs within the west Germanic and North Germanic (Scandinavian) subgroups. Semantic aspect of these verbs was analysed by some scholars, but it is still unknown how these verbs were formed in other Indo-European languages (Baltic, Slavonic, Romantic). The contradicting point of the available research is how those verbs are reflected in Latin and Greek. In spite of the fact that preterite-present verbs were studied in detail in terms of phonological characteristics, their morphological and semantic peculiarities were not taken into account and compared. Special attention should be given to the functioning and correlation of phonological and morphological peculiarities of those verbs. This paper offers the results of a detailed and consistent analysis of phonological and morphological peculiarities of preterite-present verbs. The paper aims at determining the morphological characteristics of preterite-present verbs, which were formed under the influence of phonological processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the connection of Germanic preterite-present verbs with possible sources in other Indo-European languages. The authors define a set of characteristics peculiar of preterite-present verbs semantics. The functions of these verbs are analysed in detail. The authors attempt to analyse the nature of these verbs. The attention is paid to the functions of preterite- present verbs not only in the Germanic languages, but in other Indo-European languages, too. The comparative historical method is used here as the main one. The authors see this valid way of investigation as reliable and appropriate for the preterite-present verb analysis.
The stages that encompass the future tense development are singled out as discrete phenomena within the process of the Germanic language development. The Gothic verb system can serve as the background for the investigation of the tense transformations in question. The difficulties of tense examination in the Old Germanic languages were connected with some conceptions about the Indo-Iranian and Greek languages that used to dominate in the scientific circles for a long time. Those conceptions were based on Latin and Greek patterns and postulated the use of present, past and future tenses in all Indo-European languages. The above conceptions were ruined when the study of Tokharian and Hittite demonstrated the use of the present tense for the description of future actions. The idea of losing “the protolanguage inheritance” was proved wrong, and it was incorrect to transfer the complex tense system of Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin to other Proto-Indo-European languages. The examination of the tense differentiation in Gothic (as the main source of the Old Germanic language) demonstrates that the Gothic infinitive functioned as a no-particular-time unit, while personal verb forms were involved in performing tense functions. The Gothic present tense verbs represented present and future tenses and no-particular-time phenomena. Some periphrastic forms containing preterite-present verbs with the infinitive occurred sporadically. The periphrastic forms correlated with Greek and Latin patterns of the same future tense meaning. The periphrastic future forms in Gothic often contained some modal shades of meaning. The Gothic present tense functioned as a colony-forming archi-unit and a pluripotential (temporal) precursor. The periphrastic Gothic future forms are recognised as a monopotential (temporal) precursor with some modal meaning. The key research method used in the present article is the comparative historical method. The authors viewed it as the most reliable and appropriate for the study of tense forms.
This article is devoted to the study of manipulation strategies, used in Donald Trump's speeches in 2018-2019. The identified manipulation strategies were classified according to the perlocutionary effect. The strategies of downshifting, upshifting and neutrality were singled out and analyzed. It was shown that the strategy of downshifting is used to create a negative image of the objects, to undermine their prestige and authority, to show their negative sides and criticize them, to make the objects lose face and influence their actions by means of public opinion and threats.Within the scope of the strategy of downshifting, the tactics of negative connotation, the tactics of insult, the tactics of accusation and the tactics of threat were studied. It was found that in Trump's speeches, the strategy of upshifting is used to create a positive image of the objects, to boost their prestige and strengthen their authority, to show their positive sides and advertise them, to preserve the face and improve the public opinion by means of refuting criticism and self-justification.The strategy of upshifting involves the tactics of positive connotation, the tactics of presentation, the tactics of the positive self-representation, the tactics of refuting criticism and the tactics of self-justification. The strategy of neutrality is used without giving any negative or positive characteristics of the object. It was found that not all tactics are used by Mr. Trump in the researched speeches, the two dominant ones being the tactics of informing and the tactics of delimitation.
The purpose of this article is to give the model, which demonstrates the development of the Future tense forms in the Gothic language. The initial stage of modelling the Future tense development includes the description of components according to their constituent features. It gives the possibility of tracing the gradual analytisation of corresponding grammatical form, and finding out latent features, which are characteristic for differentiated grammatical forms creating and building the set of Germanic future tense formal structures. The subject of the investigation are peculiarities of formation mechanism of temporal verb forms for projecting the action into the future. To describe the future action the Gothic language used forms of the Present tense involving phrase or upper phrase context. Within the Present tense forms a prefixal word formation model was found. The Greek future tense was translated involving prefixal and present forms in the Gothic language. The Gothic optative was involved to render the future tense. The present tense forms gain future meaning under the influence of aspect-tense specificity, which is recognized as futurelizing factor. Functions of the aspect-tense specificity may be performed with phrase or upper phrase context and syntactical structures with definitely represented semantics. Distinguished present tense constructions create the primary pivot, which is a basis for further development of the Gothic future tense forms. Gothic analytical structures with participle or infinitive were formed involving inchoative, strong, preterite present verbs. These structures are recognized as compound verbal predicates. Analytical structures cover the pivot creating coaxial cylinders. The whole model may be recognized as divergent-rotational because representing the Gothic future tense forms model itself "moves" along the temporal axis. Multilevel model structure demonstrates the fact that analytical forms are changeable in the gravitation. The comparison of divergent-rotational model components and peculiarities of their arrangement indicates and the caudal development of the Future tense forms in the Gothic language. Tendencies found and distinguished as initial, primary in the Gothic language happen in the process of development of the Old Germanic languages. These tendencies are reflected in the Modern Germanic languages, too.
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