This research deals with the translation of legal discourse into English and addresses the related problems. As legal translation is becoming increasingly important in the present global world, legal discourse appears to be one of the most challenging areas in translation practice. Hence, the studies in the field of translation in general and institutional-legal interlingual communication, in particular, appear to be of immense topicality. The research objective is to identify the main strategies relevant for legal discourse translation. As a result of the translation techniques analysis, the following effective strategies of legal discourse translation into English have been considered: terminological construction, the strategy of "conscious omissions," and the strategy of "conscious simplifications". Their effectiveness in solving many problems of legal translation into English has been proved, taking into account the dynamics of the legal discourse development, as well as linguistic and cultural factors. The expediency of using the suggested approaches and principles as a linguistic guide is substantiated.
Introduction. The article addresses the reflection of ideas about gender social roles in the conceptual and linguistic worldview of men and women. Materials and methods. The analysis is based on the material of the linguistic experi-ment conducted with native speakers of such English and Ukrainian. Results. The results of the experiment reveal the differences in the perception by the native speakers of English and Ukrainian of gender social roles. As the analysis of the material shows, in the Ukrainian society, the public sphere is associated to a greater de-gree with the professional activities of men and women, and there is a high degree of orientation of women towards motherhood. In English, outside the family, mainly male roles are defined, and the roles of women are mainly family and are in the sphere of personal, emotional ties. Discussion and Conclusions. The analysis of social roles shows that the Ukrainian lin-guistic community, to a greater extent than the English-speaking, is characterized by an orientation towards the traditional patriarchal family, in which a woman is the keeper of the hearth, the organizer of male consumption, and the man is the owner and head of the family. The results obtained in the course of the experiment enable to establish a systemic cor-relation between the language structure and the social structure, to establish correla-tions between the language phenomena and the gender of the communicants.
The article addresses evaluative senses in English aphorisms about women. Maxims are considered to be an important type of aphoristic texts due to their high degree of axiological markedness. In the course of the gender analysis of the 19th-21st centuries aphorisms with direct or metaphoric designations of women, the focus was made on the aphorisms' meaning, as well as their semantic volume and linguistic features, which can be accounted for by gender influence. Gender analysis is the principal research method because it enables a description of the maxims' meaning as related to the phenomenon of gender. The maxims' semantic space and their linguistic features were identified using semantic analysis. Changes in the meaning of the components of the maxims in a certain distribution were determined as a result of the contextual analysis application. It is pointed out that gender evaluation of women is frequently expressed in maxims about marriage, love, and friendship. The conclusion is made that the highest frequency value is typical of evaluating women's psychological features, social roles, appearance, and age. The correlation between gender evaluation and the cultural stereotypes of the speaking community is justified. The means of expressing evaluation are described regarding their frequency value.
The article addresses evaluative utterance, which is considered in terms of its subject-matter, semantics and structure on the material of British and American fictional discourse of the 19 th and the first half of the 20th centuries. The classification of value-related objects of evaluation as reflected in the fictional discourse of the selected periods is presented. The suggested classification incorporates evaluative utterances describing two thematic spheres, i.e. "Human being" and "Surrounding world". The dynamics of positive and negative evaluative utterance types in the period under study is described. The proportion of emotional and rational components in the complex meaning of evaluative utterances is determined. Trends in evolution of semantic types of evaluative utterances in the English fictional discourse of the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries are brought into the open. Structural types of sentences, in which evaluative attitude is verbalized, are singled out, with their communicative productivity being identified and compared. The structural components of the evaluative predicate are outlined. Frequency value of morphological-and-semantic evaluative means and means of a mixed type is identified in the fictional discourse under analysis. Means of modifying the expressiveness degree in the evaluative utterances are described. The suggested approach to the evaluative utterances in the fictional discourse demonstrates the dynamics of axiological worldview of the speaking community. The growing trends for communicative compression and transparency, for the increase in emotiveness of evaluative utterances and a greater degree of gradation of the evaluative attribute, as well as the corresponding language changes, related to the phenomenon of evaluative utterance, are reflected in the linguistic worldview.
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