A gradual process of convergence of our country with the bloc’s member states has been observed since Poland’s accession to the European Union. The advance in the standard of living and living conditions of the inhabitants attests to this. The study area included rural and urban-rural communes of Lower Silesia. The research was aimed at determining the differentiation of the level of socioeconomic development within the Lower Silesian region and establishing whether changes in growth serve to increase or decrease this diversification. The level of socioeconomic development in 2002 and 2010 was determined based on available data. In order to determine the differentiation, a hierarchical method of linear ordering and statistical methods were applied, including the Pearson correlation coefficient, as well as the coefficients of variability and determination. The studies showed that differentiation in terms of the level of socioeconomic development in the province’s rural areas deepened in the years 2002-2010 . It was noted that despite significant changes in most indicators characterizing socioeconomic development, growth progressed unevenly and was spatially diversified. Communes with the highest level of development were located around urban agglomerations, however, those communes which saw the fastest development did not form a compact territory around cities.
У статті розглядаються проблеми кооперативних взаємовідносин у аграрній сфері. Проведено аналіз діючих сільськогосподарських товаровиробників Черкаської області за обсягом сільськогосподарських угідь та визначено, що в досліджуваному регіоні переважають дрібнотоварні підприємства. Проведено кластерний аналіз, який дав змогу виокремити кілька типів підприємств з різною спеціалізацією в залежності від розміру сільськогосподарських угідь. Досліджено основні принципи функціонування сільськогосподарських кооперативів. Запропоновано створення виробничих кооперативів у сільському господарстві, що супроводжується створенням кредитних кооперативів. Визначено, що розбудова кредитної кооперації в даному секторі економіки відбувається переважно крізь призму кредитування, при цьому нівелюються інші важливі її функції, що можуть сприяти сталому розвитку дрібнотоварного сектору сільськогосподарської діяльності. Розкрито особливості розвитку сільськогосподарської кооперації в Ізраїлі, та виокремлено у структурі сільського кооперативу функціонування інформаційно-консультаційного центру, для здійснення консультацій фермерів. З'ясовано, що кооперація є одним із визначальних інститутів, який дасть змогу покращити ефективність функціонування аграрної економіки.
Pear fruits have a high biological and nutritional value; however, they are perishable products, storage of which is accompanied by certain difficulties. You can preserve the quality of fresh pears through the use of various packaging methods, among which the use of polyethylene liners is effective. The article presents the results of studies of weight loss and yield of pears during storage, depending on the variety and method of packaging. Conferencia, Noiabrska, and Osnovianska pears of the highest and first commodity varieties were pre-cooled and packed in wooden boxes №3, with a capacity of up to 25 kg (“control” option) and in boxes with a plastic bag liner inserted inside the package 45–50 μm followed by sealing (option “box with a polyethylene liner”). Pear fruits were stored for four months at a temperature of 0 ... + 3 ± 1 ºС and relative humidity of 92% ± 2%. Fruit weight losses were determined by the method of weighing fixed samples, the yield of marketable products - according to DSTU 8326:2015. It was found that during the storage period of pear fruits, their weight loss was 2.3–5%, depending on the variety and method of packaging. In terms of pomological varieties, according to average data, the highest weight loss was pears of the Osnovianska variety – 2.6%. The use of polyethylene liners during the storage of pears helped to reduce losses by 0.5–2.3% depending on the variety and duration of storage. It was found that in the conditions of free air access the share of standard products was 78.6–88.3% with the minimum value in the fruits of Conference and the maximum in the fruits of Noiabrska Moldova. It is proved that packing pear fruits in wooden boxes with polyethylene inserts caused an increase in the yield of marketable products to 90.2–98.4%, a decrease in the share of non-standard products to 1.6–7.0%, and waste to 2.8%. The weight loss of pear fruits of the Noiabrska Moldova variety was 0.3–1.5 lower compared to similar indicators of other varieties. The fruits of the same variety recorded a higher yield of marketable products – 88.3–98.4% depending on the method of storage.
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