One of the ways to reduce human influence on the control process is the development of automated and automatic control systems. Modern control systems are quite complex and require preliminary ground testing. The article considers the issues of creating Imitation Modelling Stand for such control system synthesis and testing. For this reason, a Control System Model was integrated into the local computer network of the navigation simulator NTPRO 5000. The authors of the paper developed and tested software for information exchange between the navigation simulator and the Control System Model. The authors also developed a functional module of collision avoidance with many targets for testing in a closed loop system with virtual training objects. The results showed that the developed Imitation Modelling Stand allowed developing and testing functional modules of the control systems. In comparison with the found analogues, it is easy to include in a closed simulation cycle various models of command devices, actuators, control objects, objects of training scene, weather conditions; it is universal both for solving problems of manual control and for developing and testing automatic and automated control systems; it is not highly specialised and is created at minimal costs.
The aim of the work is to develop a method for optimal control of handling operations with heavy lift cargo on sea vessels. Based on the review of scientific research in the field of loading heavy lift cargo, priority directions for improving the automated control systems for cargo handling operations on ships have been determined. Within a scientific hypothesis, it was proposed to synchronize solutions to the problem of ship propulsion control and automated control of heavy lift onboard cranes in order to improve the accuracy of loading processes. The paper analyzes the dynamic model of the "vessel-crane-cargo" system and the criteria of optimality in the problem of ship regulation-stabilization under minimization of loading time. An inverse loading algorithm has been developed, based on the principles of the loading control optimization with limiting the choice of motion by linear displacements and turns of the vessel. When executing the inverse algorithm, restrictions associated with the minimization of heeling moments in the "vessel-crane-cargo" system and restrictions associated with the maximum and minimum boom outreach are applied. The study determined the technical feasibility of achieving invariance in the cargo stabilization system with the inverse loading algorithm on heavy lift vessels. On the basis of the proposed method, simulation modeling of the ship loading process was carried out on simulators at the Kherson State Maritime Academy. The simulation modeling has shown that the use of the inverse algorithm will reduce the time of cargo operations by 50-70 percent and, as a result, reduce the risk of emergencies when loading the ship. It was also determined that the use of the inverse algorithm is appropriate for cargo of more than 100 tons
Background and Study Aim. Aim is to determine the influence of the components of special physical training on the effectiveness of certain elements of the game technique during the competitive activities of beach volleyball athletes. Material and methods. The study involved athletes (n = 20, age - 17-21 years, experience - 8-9 years), who are engaged in beach volleyball (Kherson, Ukraine). Experts (n = 5, work experience - over 20 years) from among the leading volleyball specialists were involved. Training sessions were conducted according to the author’s structure and content of special physical training (preparatory period of the annual cycle). The author's program was to increase the volume of athletic work by 10% (selective classes and integrated work) and 17% (complex classes). The classes used a developed special training device. The device is designed to practice practical game skills. The load at the first stage was 70-80% of the maximum. The load in the second stage was 80-90% of the maximum. Results. Significant (p <0.05) development of explosive power, speed and agility was revealed. There is a significant (p <0,05) increase: in the number of jump serve and spike; improving the quality/number of serve and attack; improving the quality of passing and the number of blocks. Conclusions. The proposed structure and content of special physical training and exercises on a special simulator have significantly increased the level of development of physical qualities. The athlete training program helped to improve the effectiveness of certain technical actions during competitive activities.
The development of the biofuel industry and the production of bioethanol and using it as a fuel in the world in general and in Ukraine in particular are analyzed in the paper. Bioethanol is mostly produced from sugar- and starch-containing raw materials. It is noted that bioethanol is obtained mainly from molasses in Ukraine. Molasses is a by-product of sugar beet production. The prospects of second-generation bioethanol production made from unfit for human consumption lignocellulosic biomass such as agricultural by-products, forestry residues, municipal waste are considered. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is the main task in bioethanol production from such raw materials. Partial or complete hydrolysis of hemicellulose and the conversion of crystalline cellulose into an amorphous state are required to destroy the strong structure of the lignocellulosic complex and remove lignin for further processing. The method of Discrete-Pulse Energy Input was used to intensify the production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. The method allows shortening the duration of pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation, increasing the amount of reducing substances in the wort, reducing energy consumption and generally making this technology more economically attractive. The universal heat and mass exchange installation in order to reduce energy and resource consumption in bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass is developed at the Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of the NAS of Ukraine. The Installation allows carrying out the processes of dispersion, dissolution, heating, hydrolysis at the same time in one apparatus.
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