The results of comparative brucellosis diagnostic studies of blood sera from cattle at farms with different epizootic situations, performed in 2021 in the laboratory of the Caspian Zonal Research Veterinary Institute – a branch of the Dagestan Agriculture Science Centre, are presented in the paper. The diagnostic efficiency of the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) was studied in comparison with enzyme immunoassay (ELISA), agglutination test (RA), complement fixation test (CFR), rose-bengal test (RBP) and immunodiffusion reaction with O-PS antigen (RID with O-PS antigen). The specificity of these serological tests was confirmed by the negative results of studies of 40 samples of blood serum of non-vaccinated against brucellosis animals at a brucellosis-safe farm. The sensitivity of the tested diagnostic tools was determined using 46 blood serum samples from cows immunized with the B. abortus 82 vaccine at a brucellosis-prone farm. According to the results obtained, in particular, according to a significant percentage of animals positively reacting to brucellosis in RID with O-PS antigen and high titers of RNHA, RA and RSK, it can be stated that the infection in the herd proceeds in an acute form. Thus, positive results were obtained in RNGA in the study of 18 (39.1%), ELISA (LLC NPF “Sibbiotest”) – 29 (63 %), in RSK – 18 (39.1 %), in RA – 15 (32.6 %), RBP – 15 (32.6 %) and RID with O-PS antigen – 7 (15.2 %) blood serum samples. The conducted studies have shown that RNHA is one of the most sensitive tests, which makes it possible to detect a high percentage of animals with brucellosis at a brucellosis-prone farm (39.1% of those studied) in the early stages after infection and surpasses the results of most other serological methods. The results of comparative serological studies of blood serum samples of cattle in RNHA, IEA, RSK, RA, RBP and RID with O-PS confirmed the specificity of the tests and the high sensitivity of RNHA with brucellosis erythrocyte antigen.
The reaction of indirect hemagglutination with an antibody erythrocyte diagnosticum is one of the promising methods for identifying the causative agent of infectious diseases or antigen. This preparation has not yet been developed for the diagnosis of infectious epididymitis of rams. The results of the preparation of an antibody erythrocyte diagnosticum in the reaction of indirect hemagglutination for the detection of the causative agent of infectious epididymitis in various biological material are presented in the article. As a result of scientific research, authors developed the method for obtaining an original Brucella ovis antibody diagnosticum for the reaction of indirect hemagglutination by sensitizing sheep erythrocytes with hyperimmune Brucella ovis serum using alizarin blue indicator of the epididymitic pathogen or antigen in biomaterial as the conjugate. Studies have shown the specificity and higher sensitivity of the indirect hemagglutination reaction with the antibody erythrocyte diagnosticum, compared with the antibody neutralization reaction and the bacteriological method, and its suitability for the indication of Brucella ovis antigen in biomaterial and environmental objects. It was also found that the reaction of indirect hemagglutination with antibody diagnosticum is much faster than the reaction of neutralization of antibodies and the bacteriological method. Research to improve the diagnosis of infectious ram epididymitis caused by Brucella ovis has been completed with the development of the antibody erythrocyte diagnosticum for the indirect hemagglutination reaction.The high specificity and activity of this preparationwas established by the authors. As a result of the studies carried out to test the diagnostic value of the antibody diagnosticum, a higher sensitivity of the indirect hemagglutination reaction using the new antibody diagnosticum, compared with the neutralization reaction of antibodies and the bacteriological method, and the suitability of using the diagnosticum for the indication of the Brucella ovis antigen in biomaterial, was established, which meets the requirements for express methods for detecting antigens in pathological material.
Data on the cobuvirus causing outbreaks of diseases in humans and animals, on the clinical signs of the disease and the distribution area are presented in the article. Literature data indicate that since the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries, cases of cobuvirus infection have been registered, manifested by massive gastrointestinal diseases in humans, as well as young animals: large horned cattle, sheep, goats, roe deer, pigs (domestic and wild), rabbits, dogs, foxes, bats, ferrets and birds (European roller (Coracias garrulus)). Cobuvirus was found in feces and blood serum samples taken from diseased animals. Cobuvirus infection causes the greatest damage to pig and cattle breeding worldwide. The results of phylogenetic analysis of the genome of kobuvirus strains indicate the genetic diversity of the virus strains. The data of phylogenetic analysis of the genome of cobuviruses (Aichivirus) served as the basis for the classification of strains of cobuvirus into six species. Interspecies transmission of cobuviruses poses a threat of widespread spread of the pathogen. The main route of transmission of cobuvirus is the fecal-oral route, through infected feed and water. Zoonotic infection is evidenced by interspecific transmission of bovine cobuvirus to pigs and vice versa. It is believed that mutations and recombinations have contributed to the high level of genetic diversity of the cobuvirus and serve as a driving force in its evolution. Presented data indicate the need for comprehensive studies of cobuvirus infection, which will be useful for further understanding the pathogenicity, genetic heterogeneity, interspecies transmission and global spread of cobuviruses.
One of the problems in dairy cattle breeding has become bovine leukemia since the middle of the 20th century in the Republic of Belarus. Initially, isolated cases of the disease were recorded according to the data of clinical signs and pathological changes in the case of death of animals and the results of veterinary sanitary examination at the section of meat processing plants. After the establishment of the infectious etiology of the disease and the introduction of the immune diffusion reaction into veterinary laboratory practice, the massive nature of its spread was established with corresponding economic losses for the livestock industry. Under the prevailing conditions, it was necessary to reliably study the indicators of the epizootic situation and the trends of the epizootic process affecting the spread of infection with the bovine leukemia virus in order to take effective measures to eliminate it. The authors considered the methodological approaches to the study of the epizootic situation and the dynamics of the epizootic process of bovine leukemia virus infection in the Republic of Belarus formed the basis of the developed monitoring system. It included 132 epizootic significant indicators, divided into 8 groups, reflecting the epizootic situation of bovine leukemia virus infection, taking into account age, sex, production, territorial and other characteristics of infectious and epizootic processes of the disease in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus, established the procedure for collecting and transmitting epizootic information for making management decisions. This made it possible to control the epizootic situation and predict its development, to determine the features and patterns of the epizootic process, to evaluate the results of diagnostic studies, the effectiveness of anti-leukemic measures and their socio-economic significance. The use of epizootic, clinical, pathomorphological, laboratory methods of research with subsequent statistical processing of the data obtained and their analysis in the monitoring system of infection of the cattle leukemia virus in the Republic of Belarus made it possible to control the epizootic situation, predict its development, determine the features and patterns of the epizootic process, evaluate the results of diagnostic research, the effectiveness of anti-leukemic measures and their socio-economic significance.
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