The article is devoted to the study of the church reform carried out by Peter I in the context of the Russian society modernization in the first quarter of the XVIII century. The prerequisites for the church reform and the prehistory in the development of its relations with the state power since the era of Ivan the Terrible are considered, a brief overview of the historiography of the issue is given. Religiosity of Peter the Great which was traditional for that era was influenced by the Western system of values through the environment of the future emperor in his youth in the German Quarter. At the same time, he consistently continued the policy of his father, who sought to restore the priority of secular power. An important factor was Peter’s ambiguous personal relationship with Patriarch Adrian, who stood up for the Strelitz and refused to make tsaritza Evdokia a nun. Undoubtedly, an important role in the church policy was played by the desire to limit an uncontrolled transfer of state resources, primarily land, to the church-monastery system. The Synod was based on the collegial principle of governance, as in other secular institutions of the empire, which emphasized the primordial superiority of the secular power over the spiritual one. Despite all the apparent inconsistency of Peter the Great’s actions, the former set of traditional religious practices was preserved, supplemented with the functions necessary to build the trajectory of a long process of social modernization.
The purpose of the study is to analyze a separate group of sources: memories and testimonies of participants in the events of constructing defensive frontiers in the territory of the ChASSR in 1941–1942, revealing their typical characteristics and assessment as a historical source. The scientific novelty consists in attracting new sources of personal character in the history of erecting defensive structures in the territory of Chuvashia in autumn-winter 1941–1942. As a result of the study, general, typical characteristics of memories and testimonies of participants of the historical event were revealed: the predominance of household details, emphasizing such conditions of the construction as transport accessibility of construction objects, weather conditions, accommodation of builders, supplying with products, workers’ interrelations, emotional saturation of the historical event perception, impact on verbal folklore.
The article covers the problem of analyzing such an important and relevant issue as the soldiers’ riots at the beginning of mobilization during the First World War and its consequences for the socio-economic and political situation in the Russian Empire. The authors give an overview of the Soviet, Russian and foreign historiography on the problem and describe the content of scientific works on this issue. Based on the analysis of scientists’ research works, the authors make a conclusion about their contribution to the development of certain aspects of the theme and coverage of the problematics as a whole. It is shown that there is a significant difference in the degree of research of the issue’s various aspects. The historiography reflects the most completely the socio-economic and political consequences of large-scale mobilization measures: socio-demographic shifts in the town and the village, changes in modernization processes, increasing problems in the agricultural sector, emergence and development of the revolutionary factor under the influence of the war, the least developed are aspects related to the character, scale, driving forces, mental and ethno – psychological springs of soldiers’ riots during the conscription campaigns. The authors point out the difference in interpreting the causes of such a social phenomenon as soldiers’ riots during the development of the problematics by Soviet scientists and Russian researchers in the 1990s and at the present moment. Regional historiography is considered separately with clarification of the issue determining the current stage of studying the scientific problem in Chuvashia, the republics of Tatarstan and Mari El. The authors come to the conclusion that, despite the multifaceted study of the problem on a Russian scale, it remains poorly studied on the territory of the three named republics of the Volga region, which indicates the current need for complex and holistic work.
The activity of German researchers studying the territory of Kazakhstan as part of the scientific, diplomatic, and exploratory expeditions in the 18th-19th centuries was analyzed. The role of their findings for the study of modern Kazakhstan was defined. The paper is very important for understanding the development of the relations between Kazakhstan and Russia in the sphere of scientific research. German researchers played an important role in development of the theoretical basis of Russian science and were politically active in the farthest regions of the Russian Empire, i.e., often finding themselves in extremely risky conditions. Participation of foreign specialists strengthened the relations between various scientific schools, which was crucial for Russian science of that time. The results of joint studies were published in Western European countries, thereby initiating the discussion among foreign scholars. These studies enabled the development of methodology, as well as the mutual enriching in various scientific areas. However, data on some field materials from these expeditions remain unpublished in the CIS and, thus, unfamiliar to professional historians, but they are of particular importance to modern researchers of the history and historical geography of Kazakhstan during the pre-revolutionary period.
The article analyzes the memoirs of veterans of Cheboksary electric actuators plant. These memoirs contain a description of the activities of the enterprise’s team from the moment of its foundation to the end of the 80’s of the 20th century. The research methodology is based on the methods of «oral history», which involve the analysis of materials obtained by conversations and interviews with participants and witnesses of historical events. This gives the authors the opportunity to draw unconventional conclusions about already known historical facts and to identify previously unknown social phenomena. The novelty of the research is based on the analysis of memoirs that were not previously used as oral historical sources. In addition, the authors’ research approach is new, since the method of «oral history» has become widespread in the historical science of Russia only recently. The results of the study show that the data obtained by the above-mentioned method is an important addition to another group of sources – official documents, statistical reviews, and regulations. Memoirs of the enterprise employees contain estimates of historical events, reflecting the attitude of participants and witnesses to them. The analysis of such value judgments enables to update our knowledge and bring it closer to modern understanding. At the same time, the assessments present in the memoirs do not idealize the historical past. They go beyond official documents and are independent judgments, contributing to a more objective understanding of the historical processes that took place in the USSR in the second half of the twentieth century. Memoirs make it possible to recreate the first years of the plant’s existence, the process of forming its team, and see the assessments of the most important events in the plant’s history through the eyes of insiders. It is since that time that an electrical engineering cluster has been created in Chuvashia, which includes training of highly qualified specialists. This circumstance allows us to draw another conclusion – about the broad prospects of the chosen research direction. Memoirs contain a large array of materials that require repeated processing and continued research. This type of source should continue to be collected in the form of oral conversations and interviews. Such work should eventually result in the formation of a database with the prospect of their storing in various areas for subsequent use by other researchers in accordance with their field of scientific interests. This is also related to the practical significance of the research topic. Its results can be applied in the development of other problems in modern history, and become an example for the further development of modern methodology of historical science.
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