The purpose of the study is to analyze a separate group of sources: memories and testimonies of participants in the events of constructing defensive frontiers in the territory of the ChASSR in 1941–1942, revealing their typical characteristics and assessment as a historical source. The scientific novelty consists in attracting new sources of personal character in the history of erecting defensive structures in the territory of Chuvashia in autumn-winter 1941–1942. As a result of the study, general, typical characteristics of memories and testimonies of participants of the historical event were revealed: the predominance of household details, emphasizing such conditions of the construction as transport accessibility of construction objects, weather conditions, accommodation of builders, supplying with products, workers’ interrelations, emotional saturation of the historical event perception, impact on verbal folklore.
Based on archival materials and scientific literature, the article studies weather conditions in the territory of the Chuvash Republic during the construction of defensive lines during the Great Patriotic War. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to insufficient exploration degree of this aspect in the scientific literature. The novelty of the research consists in attracting new sources: tables of meteorological and agro-meteorological observations TM-1 and BSH-1 made by meteorological stations of Alatyr, Kanash, Poretskoye, Cheboksary in late 1941 – early 1942. The purpose of the work is to study the air temperature values, snow cover height and soil freezing depth in Chuvashia in the winter of 1941–1942 based on the analysis of different groups of historical sources: 1) documents of the authorities controlling the progress of construction; 2) memories of the builders of defensive lines and their relatives; 3) observation data of air temperature, precipitation, snow cover height, depth of soil freezing compiled by weather stations in the territory of the republic and in neighboring cities. Comparison of information obtained from different sources helped to conclude about their reliability and determine in what weather conditions the construction of defensive structures in the territory of the republic took place during the Great Patriotic War. Comparison of historical sources of different groups does not confirm the data on the air temperature below –44°C during the construction period in the territory of Chuvashia. It should be taken into consideration that the minimum temperature indicators refer to the night time when the work was not carried out. The construction lasted a long time, and if we keep in mind the period from October 1941 to February 1942, then the weather was different within these time limits and it is impossible to accurately define only one value of air temperature. It can be unequivocally stated that winter of 1941–1942 was one of the coldest in the XX century.
The article is devoted to the study of the church reform carried out by Peter I in the context of the Russian society modernization in the first quarter of the XVIII century. The prerequisites for the church reform and the prehistory in the development of its relations with the state power since the era of Ivan the Terrible are considered, a brief overview of the historiography of the issue is given. Religiosity of Peter the Great which was traditional for that era was influenced by the Western system of values through the environment of the future emperor in his youth in the German Quarter. At the same time, he consistently continued the policy of his father, who sought to restore the priority of secular power. An important factor was Peter’s ambiguous personal relationship with Patriarch Adrian, who stood up for the Strelitz and refused to make tsaritza Evdokia a nun. Undoubtedly, an important role in the church policy was played by the desire to limit an uncontrolled transfer of state resources, primarily land, to the church-monastery system. The Synod was based on the collegial principle of governance, as in other secular institutions of the empire, which emphasized the primordial superiority of the secular power over the spiritual one. Despite all the apparent inconsistency of Peter the Great’s actions, the former set of traditional religious practices was preserved, supplemented with the functions necessary to build the trajectory of a long process of social modernization.
Рассматриваются философские взгляды представителей раннего славянофильства и, прежде всего, лидера этого направления, А.С. Хомякова. Отмечены новаторский характер философии славянофилов как инициаторов «религиознофилософского ренессанса» в России, а также аксиологическая направленность их творчества. Для славянофильской философии православное богословие явилось своеобразной методологической основой, предопределившей особый взгляд ее создателей на ключевые вопросы социального развития России и мира. Ключевые слова: славянофильство; русская философия; европейская философия; богословие; идеология.
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