Longitudinal zinc (Zn) balance studies were performed under domestic conditions in term breast-fed (n = 10), term formula-fed (n = 5; Zn concentration in the formula: 4 mg/l) and preterm formula-fed (n = 3) infants during the first 17 weeks of life. Samples of milk, urine and feces were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The median daily Zn intake in breast-fed infants decreased from 0.592 (0.457-0.829) mg Zn/kg body weight to 0.151 (0.095-0.304) mg Zn/kg body weight in the first 17 weeks of life; comparable values for bottle-fed term infants were 0.58 (0.511-0.701) and 0.674 (0.529-0.731) mg Zn/kg body weight. The median percent retention of Zn intake was 27 (-60 to 81.4)% in breast-fed infants and 21.5 (-42 to 64)% in formula-fed infants. In view of the urinary and fecal Zn losses measured, a daily intake of 0.3-0.5 mg Zn/kg body weight is considered to be sufficient to ensure a Zn retention equivalent to breast-fed infants. This requires a Zn concentration of 2-3 mg/l of Zn depending on milk volume intake.
This study investigated the supply of the essential trace element molybdenum (Mo) in infants with preternatural anus. It was divided into two separate investigations: (A) the complete fecal excretion of nine patients was collected in fractions over 24 h; and (B) 72 h balance studies and parallel plasma analysis were conducted in ve infants and complemented by the longitudina l comparison of one of these patients with his (otherwise healthy) premature sister. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (balance studies) and high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS, plasma) were used for analysis. The following results were obtained. (A) The fecal Mo concentration ranged from 1.98 to 42.02 nmol Mo g ¡ 1 dry fecal weight. (B) The daily intake in the balance studies was 43.2 (11.33-100.5) nmol Mo kg ¡ 1 and the median retention was ¡2.91 (¡32.45 to 48.6) nmol Mo kg ¡ 1 . In the premature twins the boy with an intestinal stoma had a negative balance and lost ¡3.32 mmol within 32 d, while his sister retained ‡0.45 mmol Mo in the same period. Plasma Mo ranged between 9.4 and 46.7 nmol l ¡1 . Conclusion:The negative Mo balance results may indicate an increased risk of Mo de ciency in infants requiring a long-term preternatural anus.
The negative Mo balance results may indicate an increased risk of Mo deficiency in infants requiring a long-term preternatural anus.
Craniometaphyseal dysplasia is a rare disorder of bone remodeling, which is characterized by hyperostosis or sclerosis of the skull combined with metaphyseal flaring of the long tubular bones. Diagnosis is only possible on the basis of the characteristic radiographic findings, these are shown in a case report of a 2 1/2 year old boy. There is no therapy of craniometaphyseal dysplasia.
SCyst(e)ine metabolism is a source of intracellular oxi dant stress (Astler et al,J Clin Invest 76:567,1985).Ws tudied the cyst(e)ine effect on platelet(plt)suspensions.Catalase activity of pIts incubated 60 min at37~: with 100 fM cyst(e)ine,l mM 3-amino-l,2,4-triazole(AT}, 0.2 mM DL-Buthionine-(S,R}-sulfoximine(inhibitor of gill tathione cycle)and then washed 3 times,was measured pl arographycally.Plt aggregation was performed by stan: dard method.Catalase activity(determined by 02genera-ted/mg protein after H 2 0 addition)was inhibited byaboti:50% after cysteine,and b § about 30% after cystine addt ion(n=20,p(0.01)~Cysteineinhibited by 40% pIt aggregation,whereas cystine inhibited 2/3 of 20 samples. It is assumed that zinc absorption from human milk is better than from formulas. The question arises, if formulas should be enriched with additional zinc. We studied 10 breast-fed and 5 formula-fed infants in 72-hourbalances under home conditions. Collecting periods started 2, 5, 8, 12, and 16 weeks postnatally. The formula was supplemented with zinc sulphate and contained 3.98 mg/l Zn. Zn concentration in faeces, urine and milk samples was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The median of zinc values in human milk fell from 3.56 mg/l in the 3rd week to 1.2 mg/l in the 17th week of lactation. The median value of zinc intake in breast-fed infants declined from 0.566 mg/kgtd in the third week to 0.151 mg/kgtd in the 17th week. The median value of Zn intake in bottle fed infants remained between 0.597 and 0.707 mg/kgtd in the 5 collecting periods. Median values of Zn retention in the breast-fed infants ranged between 0.059 and 0.14 mg/kgtd, in the formula-fed infants between 0.043 and 0.306 mg/kgtd. Infants fed a supplemented formula with 3.98 mg/l Zn have a higher Zn intake, but approximately the same retention as breast-fed infants. This leads to the conclusion that a formula enriched with zinc (content 3.98 mg/l) is equivalent to breast milk concerning zinc retention. Nonenriched formulas contain approximately 1 mg/l zinc. Nutritional copper deficiencies have been described in breast-fed and formula-fed infants, yet balance data are scarce. We compared intake and retention of copper in three groups of infants: breast-fed (I), fed with adapted but not copper-supplemented formula (II) and fed with a supplemented formula. The mean copper concentration of these milks as determined by wet ashing and atomic absorption spectrometry was in breast-milk (I) 611 -1128 (depending on stage of lactation!), in (II) 121 and in (III) 619 JIg/I. Five balance periods with 72 hours each were performed in infants during the 3rd, 5th, 9th, 12th and 16th week resulting in a total of 84 balances. The following mean intakes and retentions (! . Application of the test to Wilson's disease (especially for early recognition) and some other -in part unexplained metabolic disorders affecting the Cu-metabolism -will be mentioned. A protocol wg~ch leads to acceptable exposures to eu will be given. Baitella-Eberle,G., Tuchschmid...
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