Malaria is a global menace that claimed many lives. The potential of mushroom at appropriate dosage, concentrations and suitable condition especially as antiplasmodial agents against malaria is important. Therefore, this study investigated the interactive effects of some fungi extracts (Pleurotus tuber-regium, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Fomes lignosus, Lentinus subnudus, Termitomyces robustus) and their combinations with malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei berghei in BALB/c strain albino mice. Intraperitoneal injection of experimental animals with 0.2 mL of 5x106 parasitized blood was done before or after oral administration of the extracts of 0.1 mL fungi extracts at five concentrations. There were 3 replicates. The percentage parasitemia, packed cell volume (PCV), the weight loss of the albino mice were monitored. The extract; and concentration levels recorded highly significant (p< 0.01) effects on the parasitemic level (137.96; 329.26), PCV (4539.48; 2357.93) and weights (53.46; 510.56) of experimental animals in prophylactic and therapeutic experiments. Also, highly significant interactions (of 521.30) was obtained from extracts x concentrations. Lentinus subnudus and Fomes lignosus as well as P. tuber-regium had the best prophylactic and therapeutic potentials of 30%; 36% and 36% respectively. Lentinus subnudus could be considered a good prophylaxis in prevention of malaria as it exceeds therapeutic effect. Concentrations 0.4 mg/mL and 0.04 mg/mL were found to be the most effective; producing similar effect as chloroquine (20 mg/kg body weight) used as control. Therefore, the optimum activity of the fungi extracts was interactive against the malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei berghei in the albino mice.
The preventive abilities of some Nigerian higher fungi; Pleurotus pulmonarius, Fomes lignosus, Lentinus subnudus, Termitomyces robustus, Pleurotus tuber-regium collected from wood substrates, and the combined extracts (40 mg/mL) were studied against malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei berghei to exploit them as medicinal agents. The fruit bodies were extracted with ethanol using soxhlet apparatus. Six hundred and twelve 4- 5 weeks old BALB/c mice (average weight 21 g) were assigned into 30 groups of twelve mice each. They were orally treated with 0.1 mL extracts of 4, 0.4, 0.04, 0.004, 0.0004 mg/mL before infecting with 0.2 mL of 5x106 parasitized erythrocytes. Chloroquine,CQ (20 mg/kg) served as controls. Liver and kidney were examined for histological changes. Parasitemic level, packed cell volume (PCV) and weights of animals were checked using standard methods. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA (at p= 0.05) were used for data analysis. Lentinus subnudus produced the highest decrease of parasitemia (30%), and recorded the least loss of PCV (27%), while Pleurotus tuber-regium produced the least weight loss of 26.5%. All the mushroom extracts produced same effect as CQ at concentrations 0.4 and 0.04 mg/mL. The tissues of infected animals without extracts had abnormalities. There were no histological damage in tissues of uninfected animals. Pre-infection treatment produced mild abnormal conditions from severe periportal infiltration and marked sinusoidal congestion. The extracts could be formulated into drugs against malaria however, appropriate dosage must be known.
Background and Objectives: Unsafe water supplies are of public health concern, especially in developing countries. This article aims to investigate the microbiological quality of water from eight Wells in Iwo and to explore for the extended-spec- trum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase genes contained in isolated enteric bacteria from in the water samples. Materials and Methods: Bacterial isolation and identification were done using standard conventional methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby–Bauer method. Ten phenotypically carbapenem-resistant isolates were further subjected to genotypic analysis (PCR amplification) for the detection of ESBL and carbapenemase gene. Results: A total of 148 Enterobacteriaceae isolates belonging to seven (7) genera were isolated and identified which includ- ed E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Salmonella, Citrobacter sp, Proteus, and Shigella. Results showed that 55% of isolates were resistant to tetracycline, 28% to cefepime, the least resistance was shown in moxifloxacin and gentamicin which had 6% and 9%, respectively, of the total isolates. For the two carbapenems used, results showed meropenem and imi- penem had resistant values of 14% each, respectively. Two isolates carried the bla CTX-M gene while the carbapenemase gene (bla KPC , bla NDM , and bla OXA ) was not detected in all the ten isolates. Conclusion: There was also negative chromosomal detection of carbapenemase in MDR isolates from well waters in Iwo town. Consequently, resistance to carbapenem antibiotics in these isolates may not be mediated by carbapenemase but by the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and through other mechanisms of resistance.
Background: Heavy metals (HM) pollutants are crucial environmental and public health problems due to their toxicity, which has implications on public health. The site of study has been reported to be densely polluted with heavy metals as a result of dumping used electronic wastes into the water body. Aim: This study was carried out to determine the biosorption potentials of indigenous fungi isolates in reducing heavy metal present in electronic wastes polluted water body. Study Design: This was a laboratory based study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Microbial Resources Research Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso, Nigeria from July 2021 to June 2022. Methodology: Heavy metal polluted water sample was collected near the dumpsite of e-waste in Alaba International market, Lagos Nigeria. Fungi were isolated from the polluted water sample by carrying out serial dilution. Pure colonies were obtained and stored at 4°C. Media formulations (MF) trials for the biosorption process was achieved using brewery waste and honeycomb extracts. Exactly 200 ml of MF were dispensed into a 500 ml Elmeryer flask containing 100 ml of the e-waste polluted water and fugal discs. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine the heavy metal concentration in the water samples. The biological interactions of the fungi with the polluted water sample was monitored using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The pH, electrical conductivity and other physicochemical parameters were also determined. Results: Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus and A. niger were isolated from the heavy metal polluted water samples. Heavy metal such as Pb (13.30 mg/L), Cd (16.50 mg/L), Cr (6.41 mg/L), Ni (3.81 mg/L), Zn (8.85 mg/L), Cu (8.33 mg/L), Fe (5.60 mg/L) had values which were higher than the acceptable limits. Biosorption efficiency of each of the fungus in reducing the metals present in the sample was in the increasing order of A. niger<A. flavus<F. oxysporum<T. viride<T. harzianum. FTIR showed that some peaks were shifted to lower wavenumber as a result of the interactions of the fungus with the heavy metal in the water sample. This study revealed that T. harzianum had the highest biosorption efficiency for the removal of heavy metal in the polluted water sample. Conclusion: It is essential that heavy metals be removed from polluted water body to avoid its deleterious effects on public health. This can be achieved biologically using any of the fungi isolated in this work.
The recovery incidence and antibiotic resistance pattern of Escherichia coli, Shigella and Salmonella species in water from 15 different wells located in Iwo, Osun state, were investigated in an effort to determine the potential health risks associated with the consumption of the water. Each well water sample was separately initially cultured in a non-selective pre-enrichment broth for 24 hours, and subsequently, subcultured on sterile Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar for Escherichia coli and Salmonella-Shigella agar for Salmonella and Shigella species, using the pour-plate technique and the microbial counts recorded. With the aid of the disc diffusion method, 0.5 McFarland of each target organism was screened on Mueller-Hinton agar for antibiotic susceptibility profile. Results showed a recovery incidence of E. coli (87%), Salmonella species (80%) and Shigella species (100%). was observed while the microbial counts for E. coli, Shigella and Salmonella species differed significantly in each of the wells sampled. Antibiotic sensitivity profile observed showed 100% isolates of E. coli and Salmonella spp were resistant to augmentin. There were also presence of multi-antibiotic resistance strains with 66.67% of the E. coli isolates resistant to the combinations of cefixime, augmentin and nitrofuration, It is suggested that simple hygienic practice, such as regular disinfection of the wells with chemicals, boiling and filtration of water before drinking would eliminate not only the prevalence of these pathogens but also the spread of both antibiotic and multi-antibiotic resistance traits in the consumed water, hence making it safe for the health of the humans in the study population.
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