Assessment of well water as a reservoir for extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae from Iwo, Osun state, Nigeria

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Unsafe water supplies are of public health concern, especially in developing countries. This article aims to investigate the microbiological quality of water from eight Wells in Iwo and to explore for the extended-spec- trum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase genes contained in isolated enteric bacteria from in the water samples.
 Materials and Methods: Bacterial isolation and identification were done using standard conventional methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby–Bauer method. Ten phenotypically carbapenem-resistant isolates were further subjected to genotypic analysis (PCR amplification) for the detection of ESBL and carbapenemase gene.
 Results: A total of 148 Enterobacteriaceae isolates belonging to seven (7) genera were isolated and identified which includ- ed E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Salmonella, Citrobacter sp, Proteus, and Shigella. Results showed that 55% of isolates were resistant to tetracycline, 28% to cefepime, the least resistance was shown in moxifloxacin and gentamicin which had 6% and 9%, respectively, of the total isolates. For the two carbapenems used, results showed meropenem and imi- penem had resistant values of 14% each, respectively. Two isolates carried the bla CTX-M gene while the carbapenemase gene (bla KPC , bla NDM , and bla OXA ) was not detected in all the ten isolates.
 Conclusion: There was also negative chromosomal detection of carbapenemase in MDR isolates from well waters in Iwo town. Consequently, resistance to carbapenem antibiotics in these isolates may not be mediated by carbapenemase but by the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and through other mechanisms of resistance.

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“…Similarly, multiple resistance to antibiotics from at least three different classes were seen in the isolates from the four studies that focussed on isolation of Enterobacterales and detected Salmonella spp. (Odigie et al, 2013;Richter et al, 2019;Iwu et al, 2020;Akinola et al, 2022). The MAR indexes were ≥0.2 in six of the studies (Supplementary Table 2), with no significant difference in MAR index values of characterized Salmonella spp.…”

The Role of Stakeholders’ Understandings in Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Approach

“…The parent substances not metabolised by the human body and their metabolites are where they are generally not completely removed. Antibiotics and metabolites are then released into streams, lakes, or the sea [55] through treated water or into the soil through the use of sewage sludge as fertiliser for fields [56]. This class of contaminants, despite its heterogeneity, is generally referred to as 'semi-persistent' because its use is continuous and massive: significant quantities are released into the environment on a daily basis as a result of use in human and veterinary medicine.…”