Lentinus crinitus is a medicinal basidiomycete, little studied regarding the basic cultivation conditions, which is used in bioremediation and consumed by native Indians from the Brazilian Amazon. Also, it produces a fungal secondary metabolite panepoxydone that has been described as an essential regulator of the inflammatory and immune response. This study aimed to evaluate basic conditions of temperature, pH, and nitrogen concentration and source in the cultivation of L. crinitus mycelial biomass. In order to evaluate fungal growth temperature, 2% malt extract agar (MEA) medium, pH 5.5, was utilized from 19 to 40 °C. For pH, MEA had pH adjusted from 2 to 11 and cultivated at 28 °C. Urea or soybean meal was added to MEA to obtain final concentration from 0.5 and 16 g/L of nitrogen, pH of 5.5, cultivated at 28 °C. The best temperature growth varies from 31 to 34 ºC and the optimal one is 32.7º C, and the best pH ranges from 4.5 to 6.5 and the optimal one is 6.1. Protein or non-protein nitrogen concentration is inversely proportional to the mycelial biomass growth. Nitrogen concentrations of 2.0 g/L soybean meal and urea inhibit mycelial biomass growth in 11% and 12%, respectively, but high concentrations of 16.0 g/L nitrogen inhibit the growth in 46% and 95%, respectively. The fungus is robust and grows under extreme conditions of temperature and pH, but smaller adaptation with increasing nitrogen concentrations in the cultivation medium, mainly non-protein nitrogen.
Lentinus crinitus is a wild fungus, which produces mushrooms consumed by some Amazonian Indians. Besides, it is recognized for its diverse biological activities and biotechnological applications. However, there are few reports with limited information on basidiocarp chemical composition and cytotoxicity. Our study determined and evaluated the chemical composition, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activity of L. crinitus pileus and stipe separately. Chromatographic methods were used to evaluate basidiocarp chemical composition. Cytotoxicity was verified using a cell culture from porcine liver and against a panel of human tumor cells from different models. Antioxidant activity was assessed by different in vitro methods. The pileus had higher levels of protein, ash, tocopherols, and organic acids, mainly malic acid, than the stipe. The stipe revealed higher contents of carbohydrates, energy, soluble sugars, and phenolic acids, mostly p-hydroxybenzoic acid. L. crinitus basidiocarp has mainly trehalose as soluble sugar, and less than 1% fat being ~60% polyunsaturated fatty acids (mostly linoleic and oleic acids), and ~13% saturated fatty acids (mostly palmitic acid). L. crinitus revealed high antioxidant activity for most methods and no cytotoxic activity against tumor and non-tumor cells. L. crinitus basidiocarp can be considered a functional food with applicability in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
Impacto de usinas hidrelétricas: implicação legais e ambientais no extremo norte do Brasil Impact of hydroelectric plants: legal and environmental implication in the northern Brazil
Bacteria from genus Bradyrhizobium can establish symbiosis with soybean and supply the plant nitrogen demands via biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). This study aimed to characterize genes related to BNF efficiency in B. japonicum strains contrasting in BNF efficiency. These gene sequences were previously identified in B. japonicum (strain S370) as probably related to the BNF efficiency in soybean using a DNA subtractive technique. These genes were amplified with primers based on B. japonicum USDA110 genome. The PCR products were digested with restriction endonucleases and the RFLP products were analyzed by horizontal electrophoresis. Among the four genes, only blr3208 and blr4511 amplified for most of the strains. Neither polymorphism of the restriction profile of blr3208 and blr4511 genes nor with endonuclease for PCR-RFLP was observed. The contrasting strains had blr3208 and blr4511 genes sequenced and the multiple alignment analysis of nucleotide sequences showed the presence of preserved internal regions, confirming the analysis with PCR-RFLP. The blr3208 and blr4511 genes are highly conserved among B. japonicum strains, which may be related to adaptive function during the evolutionary process of Bradyrhizobium genus.
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