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A heat conduction equation with linearized radiation cooling boundary conditions is used to calculate the thermal field in a long-strip window pane heated by thermal radiation (fire), except on narrow strips along edges built into the frame. This temperature field is used to calculate a quasi-static thermal stress field in the pane in the first-order planar stress approximation. Derived analytic equations of stresses are presented graphically. Thermal stresses build up at the edges in a narrow strip of a few times the pane thickness. In cool spots of the order of 100K lower than the average temperature, stress build-up can cause a microcrack to become a fast-propagating fracture.

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The energies and intensities of KL2 → L3 X-ray satellite multiplet lines are determined from high-resolution measurements of metallic samples. The spectra are interpreted in terms of six multiplet transitions arising from 1s-12p-2 → 2p-3 transitions. Lines including 2s holes are shown to be weak. The relative intensities of the electron excited KL2 multiplets show marked deviations from the statistical population of initial states in contrast to the KL multiplets.

The Kαh hypersatellite spectra of Ti, Cr, Fe and Ni have been measured in photon excitation with a plane crystal Bragg spectrometer. The experimental energies and relative intensities of Kαh1 and Kαh2 lines are obtained and compared with multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations. The K shell double photoionization cross-sections are estimated from the experimental hypersatellite intensities. Experimental results agree with existing theoretical calculations based on the shake theory and correlated wave functions.

A heatxonduction equation with linearized radiation cooling boundary conditions is used to calculate the thermal field in a circular window pane heated by thermal radiation (fire) but screened on narrow strips along edges built into the frame. This temperature field is used to calculate a quasi-static thermal stress field in the pane in the first-order planar stress approximation. Derived analytical equations of stresses are presented grapbicauy. As for a long linear pane,I thermal stresses build up at the edges in a narrow strip of a few times the pane thickness. As the radius of the pane grows the edge stresses quickly approach those of the linear strip pane. The round window does not differ much from the strip window in the geometrical region of practical utility in windows The results also indicate, without explicit calculations, that in rectangular windows the stresses do not concentrate in the corner regions As the final result of the theoretical work it seems plausible to use simple, general relationships obtained for the strip window as weU for all geometries deviating from linear to evaluate approximately the danger of thermal breakage of a pane.

A risk analysis tool is developed for computation of the distributions of fire model output variables. The tool, called Probabilistic Fire Simulator (PFS), combines Monte Carlo simulation and CFAST, a two-zone fire model. In this work, the tool is used to estimate the failure probability of redundant cables in a cable tunnel fire, and the failure and smoke filling probabilities in an electronics room during an electronics cabinet fire. Sensitivity of the output variables to the input variables is calculated in terms of the rank order correlations. The use of the rank order correlations allows the user to identify both modelling parameters and actual facility properties that have the most influence on the results. Various steps of the simulation process, i.e. data collection, generation of the input distributions, modelling assumptions, definition of the output variables and the actual simulation, are described.