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The primary aim of this research is to synthesis composite anthill-chicken eggshell catalyst, which is characterized and employed for the synthesis of biodiesel from waste frying oil. The as-synthesized catalyst was characterized using various characterization techniques, such as Xray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Basicity. The influence of different reaction parameters on the catalytic reaction, reaction time, catalyst loading and reaction temperature in the range of 50-75°C were studied at fixed methanol/oil ratio of 6:1. The experimental data obtained showed that at reaction time of 2 h, catalyst loading of 5 wt% and reaction temperature of 60°C, the biodiesel yield was 70%. The synthesized catalyst was found to convert low-grade oil into biodiesel via a single-step transesterification process, and its activity has the potential for improvement.

Biodiesel has been considered as one of the interesting alternative and environmentally benign fuels. The development of environmental friendly heterogeneous catalyst for the esterification/transesterification process seems to be promising route and the reason why it is more preferred to conventional homogeneous and enzymatic catalyzed reactions is discussed. However, investigation on heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production is extensively carried out based on previous research studies. In order to reduce cost of biodiesel production, evaluation and characterization of heterogeneous catalytic materials before and after its preparation provide facts on the process that have significant impact on the desired activity and selectivity properties. This review study provides a comprehensive overview of common process techniques usually employ in producing biodiesel. Different materials that serve as sources of heterogeneous catalysts to transesterify oils or fats for production of biodiesel with emphasis on selection criteria of solid catalytic materials are also highlighted. The potential heterogeneous catalyst that could be derived from anthill, various methods of preparing solid catalysts, as well as reusability and leaching analysis are discussed in details.143 source for alternate fuel, which is sulphur content free, non-poisonous, renewable and biodegradable [6], this becomes imperative due to the fact that, the depletion of petroleum-based fuel has increased the price of diesel extraordinarily and also, greenhouse gas emission is of environmental concern [7].

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This study was conducted to develop a new composite heterogeneous catalyst, anthill‐eggshell‐Ni‐Co mixed oxides (AENiCo), for biodiesel production via transesterification of waste frying oil. The catalyst was synthesized using a co‐precipitation method and was characterized by Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) surface area analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray fluorescence (XRF). The effects of parameters affecting the catalytic reaction, reaction temperature (40–80°C), reaction time (1–5 h), catalyst loading (1–9 wt%), and methanol‐to‐oil ratio (3:1–15:1) were investigated. The stability of the spent catalyst was also investigated during reuse. The data obtained showed that the maximum biodiesel yield of 90.23% could be obtained at a reaction temperature of 70°C, reaction time of 2 h, with a catalyst loading of 3 wt% and methanol‐to‐oil ratio of 12:1. The stability study showed that the AENiCo catalyst could be reused for up to four cycles. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Abstract:It is shown that carbon fuel cell technology can be combined with that of high temperature steam electrolysis by the incorporation of carbon fuel at the cell anode, with the resulting reduction of the required electrolysis voltage by around 1 V. The behaviour of the cell current density and applied voltage are shown to be connected with the threshold of electrolysis and the main features are compared with theoretical results from the literature. The advantage arises from the avoidance of efficiency losses associated with electricity generation using thermal cycles, as well as the natural separation of the carbon dioxide product stream for subsequent processing.

Direct use of vegetable oil as a fuel on compression ignition engine has been described as impossible, because of its high viscosity and density. Transesterification process and other methods have been identified as ways of reducing these two properties. The high cost of virgin vegetable oils and its competition for food have made the biodiesel unable to compete with fossil diesel and also hike its cost. In order to solve these menaces, in this study, waste frying oil was used as a feedstock for production of biodiesel via transesterification using anthill-eggshell promoted Ni-Co mixed oxides (NiCoAE) as heterogeneous catalyst. The composite catalyst was prepared via incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) method and thermally treated at 1000 °C for 4 h. The developed catalyst was characterized using FTIR and SEM techniques. The biodiesel produced under the favourable reaction conditions was blended with petroleum diesel in three different proportions (B20, B50 and B80) and were tested on diesel engine to evaluate their performance and emission characteristics. The blended fuel containing 20% by volume biodiesel (B20) emitted lowest percentage of CO and CO2. The result obtained herein indicates that the mixture of biodiesel and petroleum diesel containing 20% biodiesel (B20) emitted less carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), thus, indicating best dual fuel combination, which can be used in diesel engines without any adjustment or modification in the engines. This result is in agreement with the findings reported in the literature and Energy Policy Act (EPA) of 1992.

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