Objective
To assess if early pregnancy (≤14 weeks of gestation) 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level is associated with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
Methods
A nested case‐control study (60 women in each arm) was conducted at Saad Abualila Hospital (Khartoum, Sudan) during the period of January to November 2017. Clinical and obstetrical data were gathered, 25(OH)D concentration was measured at the first prenatal visit, and a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test was performed at 24–28 weeks of gestation.
Results
Compared with women without GDM, in women with GDM, the median of the 25(OH)D level was significantly lower (7.3 [interquartile range 5.7–8.8] ng/mL versus 8.4 [interquartile range 6.6–11.9] ng/mL, P=0.001). All women in the study (with and without GDM) had vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D<20 ng/mL). The results of the logistic regression showed that a low 25(OH)D level was the only factor associated with GDM (odds ratio [OR] 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73–0.95, P=0.010). Women with 25(OH)D less than 6.0 ng/mL were at a higher risk of GDM (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.29–8.12, P=0.012).
Conclusion
A low 25(OH)D level in early pregnancy was associated with increased risk of GDM. This finding might be useful in predicting GDM.
This study characterized the effects of regular green tea (
GT
) and hot water (
HW
) ingestion on systolic blood pressure (
SBP
), diastolic blood pressure (
DBP
), pulse pressure (
PP
), and left ventricular hypertrophy (
LVH
) in two equal, sex‐ and age‐matched groups; Grp1 and Grp2 (
n
= 100 each; age 53 ± 4 years) of hypertensive patients. Grp1 had regular
GT
treatment, followed by
HW
ingestion, whereas Grp2 had
HW
ingestion followed by
GT
treatment for periods of 4 months each. Electrocardiographic (
ECG
) and echocardiographic assessments of
LVH
were made before and at the end of both periods.
SBP
was lowered significantly by 6.6%;
DBP
by 5.1%, and
PP
by 9.1% by the end of month 4 of
GT
treatment in Grp1. Upon
GT
cessation and
HW
ingestion,
SBP
,
DBP
, and
PP
returned to pretreatment levels over 4 months. In Grp2,
SBP
,
DBP
, and
PP
were reduced insignificantly by 1.5%, 1.0%, and 2.3% by the end of the 4th month of
HW
ingestion. Conversely, over 4 months of
GT
treatment,
SBP
,
DBP
, and
PP
were significantly lowered by 5.4%, 4.1%, and 7.7% from the baseline values, respectively.
ECG
and echocardiographic evidence of
LVH
was shown in 20% of Grp1 and 24% of Grp2 patients before intervention. This was significantly lowered to 8% and 10% in Grp1 and Grp2 by
GT
treatment. However, this increased to 16% following
HW
ingestion in Grp1.
HW
ingestion did mot induce regression of
LVH
in Grp2. Thus, regular
GT
ingestion has cardiovascular protective effects.
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