Models for estimating the effects of fire following earthquake (FFE) are reviewed, including comparisons of available ignition and spread/suppression models. While researchers have been modeling FFEs for more than 50 years, there has been a notable burst of research since 2000. In particular, borrowing from other fire modeling fields and taking advantage of improved computational power and data, there is a new trend towards physics-based rather than strictly empirical spread models; and towards employing different simulation techniques, such as cellular automata, rather than assuming fires spread in an elliptical shape. Past achievements include identification of the factors affecting FFE, documentation of historical events, and years of FFE model use by practitioners. Opportunities for future advances include continued development of physics-based spread models; better treatment of slope, water and transportation system functionality, and suppression by fire departments; and more validation and sensitivity analyses.

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A method to evaluate the network redundancy based on a recursive decomposition algorithm(RDA) introduced by Li and He in 2002 was employed to calculate the reliability of lifeline networks. A redundancy index proposed by Hoshiya and Yamamoto in 2002 was used to represent the redundancy of networks. RDA is shown to be much more effective, as compared with results of Monte-Carlo simulation. In addition, a limitation of the redundancy index is revealed by case studies.

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