Polymer processing techniques involving solvent vapor swelling are typically challenging to control and thus reproduce. Moreover, traditional descriptions of solvent swollen films lack microscopic detail. We describe the design and use of an apparatus that facilitates macroscopic and microscopic characterization of samples undergoing solvent vapor swelling in a controlled environment. The experimental design incorporates three critical characteristics: (1) a mass-flow controlled solvent vapor delivery system allows for precise control of the amount of solvent vapor delivered to the sample, (2) a sample prepared on a quartz crystal microbalance allows for real-time assessment of the extent of sample swelling, (3) a second sample prepared and assessed in parallel on a coverslip allows real-time fluorescence microscopy during swelling. We demonstrate that this apparatus allows for single-particle tracking, which in turn facilitates in situ monitoring of local environments within the solvent-swollen film.
The study of cancer cell invasion in 3D environments in vitro has revealed a variety of invasive modes, including amoeboid migration, characterized by primarily round cells that invade in a protease-and adhesion-independent manner. Here, we delineate a contractilitydependent migratory mode of primarily round breast cancer cells that is associated with extensive integrin-mediated extracellular matrix (ECM) reorganization that occurs at membrane blebs, with bleb necks sites of integrin clustering and integrin-dependent ECM alignment. We show that the spatiotemporal distribution of blebs and their utilization for ECM reorganization is mediated by functional β1 integrin receptors and other components of focal adhesions. Taken together, the work presented here characterizes a migratory mode of primarily round cancer cells in complex 3D environments and reveals a fundamentally new function for membrane blebs in cancer cell invasion.
In multi purpose use facilities, there are a large number of people occupied in a small compartment space. The fire in the multi purpose use facility can be occurred human loss and property damage due to spread of a fire and a smoke in buildings. It is most critical to control flame spread in the early stage. To make the model work for practical fire protection engineering problems, property of combustible materials were predicted so that it could be help to reduced the risk. Computational analysis result from numerical models were compared with a real scale fire test. For computational analysis, the Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS) was conducted with a Large Eddy Simulation(LED) model for turbulence. Especially, The computational fire modeling can help to mitigate risk and to prevent a fire.
In this study, we have analyzed the full scale fire test from the fire accidents of finishing materials on the external wall of the buildings, and conducted the vertical fire experiment of finishing materials on the external wall of the buildings. As the ISO 13785-2 fire test, a international test standard, has been judged to be most appropriate as the test method that could figure out the fire performance of finishing materials on the external wall with the effect of external flame break-out due to the fire in the unit compartment among the real scale fire test methods, we have built up the experimental equipment for the full scale vertical fire experiment of finishing materials on the external wall of the buildings. As a result of the full scale vertical fire experiment, the fire has been spreaded up to 4m upwards within about 2 minutes at the point of 5 minutes when the external flame break-out was at maximum. The temperature was recorded as 897.7-987.7 o C, and the test result showed that general aluminum composite panel was vulnerable against spread of the vertical fire on the openings due to external flame break-out.
Karaoke is the structural feature that it is located underground or composed of no window layer secret room even over the ground so that it has quite high risk of airway obstruction due to smoke at the fire. In this study, a real scale fire test was performed for actual karaokes at the zone under reconstruction. The results showed that oxygen concentration of the room at which fire occurred decreased to 13.99% around 5 minutes later, and 0.58% of carbon monoxide was generated. Especially, 0.8% or more of carbon monoxide was measured in the room next to it around 8 minutes after fire occurrence. Thus, it was found that air way obstruction would probably occur due to toxic gas such as carbon monoxide by incomplete combustion of sound proofing material rather than flame spread by fire re-spread. Consequently, fatal toxic smoke reaches the surrounding space in around 3 minutes without quick early measures at the fire of sealed room so that many causalities result.
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