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Successful implementation of inclusive practices depends mainly on teachers' attitudes towards children with special needs and their inclusion, and teachers' willingness to work with children with special needs in their classrooms. Experiences teacher candidates have during pre‐service stage might influence their perceptions towards children with disabilities and their inclusion. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of two special education courses on (1) preschool teacher candidates' general attitudes towards inclusion, (2) their willingness to work with children with significant intellectual, physical and behavioural disabilities within inclusive classroom settings and (3) their level of comfort in interacting with children with disabilities. A four‐part survey was administered to participants four times throughout the study, once before and after each course. The survey package included (1) a demographic information form, (2) the Opinions Relative to the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities Scale, (3) an adapted version of the Teachers' Willingness to Work with Children with Severe Disabilities Scale and (4) the Interaction with Children with a Disability Scale. The results showed that both special education courses positively influenced teacher candidates' attitudes, willingness and comfort levels. However, impact of the second course focused on helping teacher candidates learn and apply instructional strategies to work with children with disabilities in inclusive classrooms was much larger. Implications of the study findings in relation to future research and practice are discussed.

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Riskli oyun; belirsizlik, mücadele, heyecan, korku ve fiziksel yaralanma olasılığı barındıran ve çocukların kendi güçlü ve zayıf yönlerinin farkına varıp, bu yönlerini test etmelerine ve sınırlarını zorlamalarına fırsat veren bir oyun türü olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, 2012 yılında Hill ve Bundy tarafından geliştirilen Oyunda Risk Alma Toleransı Ölçeği'ni (ORAT) Türkçe'ye uyarlamak ve uyarlanan ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmalarını Rasch analizi ile gerçekleştirmektir. Ölçeğin uyarlanan formuna ilişkin iç geçerlik, dış geçerlik ve iç güvenirlik bulguları, orijinal ölçek ile tutarlılık göstermiştir. Ayrıca, orijinal ölçek geliştirme çalışmasında ortaya çıkan madde hiyerarşisi, mevcut çalışmada da benzer şekilde bulunmuştur. Araştırmanın örneklemi, Türkiye' de Mersin ilinde yer alan beş farklı devlet anaokuluna kayıtlı çocuğu bulunan 340 ebeveynin, amaçlı örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilmesi ile oluşturulmuştur. Sonuç olarak, Oyunda Risk Alma Toleransı ölçeği (ORAT)'ın Türkçe'ye uyarlama çalışmasına yönelik yapılan geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizlerininden elde edilen bulgular, bu ölçeğin yetişkinlerin risk toleransının çocukların riskli oyunları üzerindeki etkisini araştırmak için geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermektedir.

Coal companies use a lot of their assets in carrying out their operational activities, the company is expected to be able to provide benefits to society. This study aims to examine the effect of Net Profit Margin and Debt to Asset Ratio on profit growth in coal mining sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This type of research is a quantitative method using a descriptive approach and associative problem formulation. Secondary data collection, in the form of financial reports from IDX. Withdrawal of samples using purposive sampling method. The samples studied were 19 coal mining sub-sector companies whose data was processed from 2017-2021. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS 24. The results show that partially Net Profit Margin has no significant effect on profit growth and Debt to Asset Ratio has a negative and significant effect on profit growth. Furthermore, Net Profit Margin and Debt to Asset Ratio simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on profit growth.