-The purpose of this study was to calculate costs of milk production, gross production value, gross margin, absolute profit, and relative profit of dairy cattle farms located in the provinces of east Mediterranean region of Turkey. Primary data were collected from 148 dairy cattle farms designated using the Neyman Stratified Sampling method through surveys. Dairy farms were classified into four groups according to the number of cows. The data belong to the 2012 production season. A single product budget analysis method was used for calculating production costs. According to the results, variable costs amounted to 65.91% of total production costs. Feed cost (86.52%) was the main component of variable costs. The cost of 1 kg of milk, on average, was calculated as USD 0.261. The cost of milk was USD 0.499 on group 1 farms, USD 0.399 on group 2 farms, USD 0.272 on group 3 farms, and USD 0.233 on group 4 farms. Among the farms under study, average gross margin value was negative only on group 1 farm, and positive in all other groups. Absolute profit value was positive only on group 4 farm, and negative in all other groups. The average relative profit of the farms was 0.9067. The expansion of dairy farms could be reached by reducing the feed cost as well as increasing the scale of farms.
Öz İhracatı artırmak için geliştirilen politikaların uygulanmasında kullanılan araçlardan biri de Dâhilde İşleme Rejimi (DİR) teşvik sistemidir. DİR sistemi, temelinde ithal girdi kullanılan işlem görmüş ürün ihracatını artırmaya yönelik bir sistemidir. Türkiye'nin Dünya Ticaret Örgütü'ne üye olması ve Avrupa Birliği (AB) ile Gümrük Birliği anlaşması yapması ihracatı teşvik mevzuatının AB mevzuatıyla uyumlu olması zorunluluğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu bağlamda önceden uygulanan nakit teşvikler kaldırılarak faaliyetlerin desteklendiği DİR sisteminin uygulanmasına başlanmış ve Türkiye'de ihracatın artırılması için uygulanan en önemli teşvik sistemi olmuştur. Bu çalışma ile DİR teşvik sistemi uygulamasının başladığı 1996 yılından bu yana Türkiye'nin işlenmiş tarım ürünleri dış ticaretinin gelişimi incelenerek Trend Analizi yöntemiyle yakın gelecekteki seyri tahmin edilmiştir. Çalışmanın ana materyalini Ekonomi Bakanlığı, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) ve Dünya Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü'nden (FAO) alınan veriler oluşturmaktadır. Bununla birlikte konu ile ilgili yapılmış çalışmalardan faydalanılmıştır. Yöntem olarak zaman serileri analiz yöntemlerinden Trend analizi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma, işlenmiş tarım ürünlerinde DİR teşvik sisteminin uygulamasının ülke ihracatına dolayısıyla milli gelire katkılarını göstermesi açısından önemlidir. DİR sisteminin devam ettirilmesi işletmelerin atıl kapasitesini değerlendirebilmeleri ve işletmelere daha fazla kazanç sağlamaları için fırsat oluşturacaktır.
Agricultural production is threatened by climate change due to depending on global warming. Beekeeping is come of the agricultural activities most affected by climate change. In addition to honey production, honey bees, which provide pollination, can adversely affect agricultural production due to climate change. Methods and Results: In this study, during the period of 1970-2019 in Turkey, temperature and precipitation averages, which are indicators of climate change, with the most effects of the amount of CO₂, which causing on the most carbon emission, effects to honey yield were examined.Pearson correlation analysis to determine the relationship between variables in the study; ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) model, one of the time series analysis methods, was applied to determine the effect of climate change on honey yield. In the determined model, while honey yield and average temperature are negative, average precipitation and CO₂ emission have a positive and significant relationship, a positive and significant relationship has been detected only with CO₂ release in the long period. Conclusions: According to the findings, there is a moderate level between CO2 emission and honey yield; there is a exist to weak level relationship between temperature, average precipitation variables and honey yield. Significance and Impact of the Study: In the last 50 years, an 8-fold in carbon emissions (CO₂) and average temperature 1.2 ͦ C has been observed an increased in Turkey. Although honey yield in this period increased by 62%, a decrease of 6% was observed in the last 20 years.
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