This study was carried out to evaluate the biomarker response of male albino wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) to a daily dose of toothpaste. Twenty four wistar rats were divided randomly into two groups and housed in wooden cages. The first group which is the test group was administered in varying doses (250 ul, 270 ul, 300 ul) according to their body weight (0.00167 mg/g body weight) per week for three weeks while on the fourth week no treatment was administered. This was done to observe the rate of recuperation from the effects of treatment. The second group which was the control group were given distilled water of equal measurement with the treatment given to the test rats. Selected biochemical and hematologic parameters were used to evaluate the effect of toothpaste. Parameters used for liver functions were; alkaline aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate

The effect of cuprous oxide and petrol on albino rats was studied using selected parameters associated with rat haematology and semen. The haematological parameters evaluated were Pack cell volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb), Red blood cell (RBC), Mean corpuscular Volume (McV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (McH) and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration(McHc), while the semen analysis carried out includes; Motility quantitative (M1), Debris quantitative (D1), sperm count (C), morphology primordial (Mp) and morphology structure (Ms). The results revealed the following; Group 1, 2, 3 and 4 had a mean value of 43.0, 31.0, 26.75 and 23.75 respectively for PCV with significant difference (P<0.05) in all the treated groups when compared to the control group. (Hb) had a mean value of 13.65, 9.475, 9.50 and 11.075 for group 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively with a significant difference (P<0.05) recorded in group 2 and 3 when compared to the control. Group 1, 2, 3 and 4 had a mean value of 4.968, 2.965, 1.63 and 1.815 respectively for red blood cell (RBC) with significant difference (P<0.05) across the groups. A mean value of 8.713, 10.453, 3.45 and 13.655 for group 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively was recorded for McV with a significant difference (P<0.05) in group all treated group compared to the control. Group 1, 2, 3 and 4 had a mean value of 2.765, 3.450, 5.93 and 5.565 respectively for McH. For McHc, group 1 had a mean value of 0.315 group 2 had 0.305, group 3 had 0.355 and group 4 had 0.483 with a significance difference (P<0.05) recorded for only group 4. In the semen analysis, M1 had mean values of 68.75, 38.75, 28.0 and 27.5 in group 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively, D1 had 7.5, 11.25, 24.5 and 42.5 in group 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively, C had 65.0, 52.5, 29.0 and 42.0 in group 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively while Mp had 7.5, 11.25, 7.5 and 22.5 in group 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The results indicate that cuprous oxide and petrol both have negative effect on the body and hence care should be taken in the storage and handling of petrol to avoid human exposure, also the concentration of cuprous oxide to be used in antifouling paints should be regulated to avoid harming to aquatic organisms.

The acute haematological response of a brackish water cichlid fish Sarotherodon melanotheron exposed to crude oil was evaluated. They were exposed for 96 h to crude oil concentrations of 0, 50, 125, 250, 375, and 500 mg/L of water obtained from the fish source. Haematological analyses were carried out at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, respectively. Haematological analysis revealed that the red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), thrombocytes, and lymphocytes of the control group were significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) than the crude oil treated groups while the white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, leucocrit (Lct) and monocytes of the crude oil treated groups were significantly higher than the control group, indicating an immune response to the toxicant. These parameters can be standardised and used as biomarkers in biomonitoring programs.

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of a daily dose of tramadol on selected biomarkers viz: haematological parameters, sperm count, kidney and liver damage in male albino rats. Twenty four wistar rats were divided randomly into two groups: control group and treated groups, the treated group were further divided into four groups and housed in cages. Clean drinking water was served to control (group 1), and 1.6 mg/kg bodyweight of tramadol was administered to group 2 (7 days treatment), group 3 (14 days treatment), group 4 (21 days treatment) and group 5 (21 days treatment +7 days withdrawal) in addition to a daily standard diet for all groups. Treatment of rats with tramadol caused significant decrease (P<0.05) in WBC, platelet and lymph. in group 2, on bicarbonate, AST and protein, it showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in group 3, and it showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in group 5 on Cl-, AST, ALT, bicarbonate, AST, PCV, Hb, RBC, WBC, platelet, lymphocytes and sperm count. The results indicates that tramadol has negative effects on the liver which may induce severe liver damage when used for a prolonged period, the results also shows that tramadol can cause anaemia as seen by the observed negative changes in the blood parameters evaluated. Therefore, administration should be with great caution and from a licensed pharmacist or doctor while self prescription or over the counter administration should be avoided considering the associated adverse effects.

The effect of a daily consumption of soft drink was evaluated using 24 albino male rats divided into two groups viz:control and treatment. The experiment was carried out for four (4) weeks. The treatment (a brand of soft drink) was administered to the test group for three weeks while on the fourth week no treatment was given to the test group. The parameters analysed include; Sperm count, kidney function test, liver test, red blood cell, pack cell volume, haemoglobin, white blood cell, platelets, lymphocytes. The results showed that: The mean serum electrolyte for Na (mmol/l) was low for week 1, 2, 3 and 4 having 142, 140, 133.6 and 141.66 respectively when compared to the average control (147.3) with a significant difference (P<0.05) in week 1 and 4, K (mmol/l)  were all lower than the average control (5.4) across the week with no significant difference (P>0.05) but had the least mean value of 4.8 in week 2. Bicarbonate (mmol/l) was also significantly lower (P<0.05) in the treated group when compared to the average control (24.3) with the least mean value in week 4 (18.67) and Cl (mmol/l) had a mean of 93.0 in week 1, 94.67 in week 2, 108.66 in week 3 and 107.67 in week 4 with an average control of 99.33. AST (U/L) mean value was 20.67 in week 1 which increased to 31.67 in week 4 while ALT (U/L) mean value was 10 in week 1 which also increased to 13 in week 4. The mean serum protein (g/dL) reduced from 81.83 in week 1 to 73.24 in week 4. Mean PCV (%) reduced from 33.67 in week 1 to 32.7 in week 4, Hb (g/dL) increased from 11.2 in week 1 to 13.4 in week 4 with a significant difference (P<0.05) when comparing the test with the average control, WBC (X109) increased from a mean  5.26 in week 1 to 11.9 in week 4 with a significant difference (P<0.05), Platelet (X109) mean value was 315 on week 1 and 419 in week 4 with significant difference (P<0.05) in week 3 and 4 when compared with its control, RBC (X1012) increased from a mean of 4.23 in week 1 to 6.90 in week 4 with significant difference (P<0.05). Lymphocyte (X109) mean value for week 1 was 70 and 82.26 in week 4 with significant difference (P<0.05) across the week. While the mean sperm count (X106) reduced significantly (P<0.05) from 425 in week 1 to 400 in week 4 when compared to the average control (566). These findings demonstrate that regular consumption of soft drink had a detrimental effect on the sperm count, liver, kidney and on the haematological parameters.

This study evaluates the effect of local gin (ogogoro) on Hepato-renal parameters such as aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, sodium, potassium, chlorine and bicarbonate, haematological parameters such as total protein, packed cell volume, red blood cell, white blood cell haemoglobin, platelet and lymphocytes and sperm count parameter. The results show that: The mean serum electrolytes were for week 1 (Na 165.0, K 5.27, Cl 99.67 and HCO3 19.67), week 2 (Na 138, K 5.77, Cl 89.67 and HCO3 20), week 3 (Na 126.67, K 3.67, Cl 87.67 and HCO3 19) and week 4 (Na 117.67, K 2.70, Cl 73.67 and HCO3 22) and showed a significant difference in Na, Cl and HCO3 only when compared with the average control at (P<0.05), AST had a mean of 30.0 in week 1 which increased to 45.0 in week 4 while ALT had a mean of 15.0 in week 1 and increased to 30.67 in week 4. The mean serum protein reduced from 51.15 in week 1 to 42.53 in week 4 with significant difference (P<0.05). Mean PCV reduced from 36.0 in week 1 to 24.40 in week 4, Hb from 12.07 in week 1 to 8.80 in week 4 with a significant difference (P<0.05) when comparing the test with the average control, WBC from 6.17 in week 1 to 5.40 in week 4, Platelet increased from a mean of 255 on week 1 to 683 on week 4 with significant difference (P<0.05), RBC had a mean of 5.27 in week 1 and 5.25 on week 4 with no significant difference (P>0.05). Lymphocyte reduced from a mean of 69.0 week 1 to 45.50 in week 4 but when the test was compared with the average control it had a significant difference (P<0.05). While the mean sperm count was 275 in week 1 and 325 in week 4. These investigations demonstrated that local gin changes blood parameters which could lead to anaemia in mammals when constantly taken and also cause a detrimental effect on sperm count which could cause infertility in males as well as kidney and liver disease.

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