Animal experiments suggest that the fetal brain is sensitive to nicotine. Although much attention has been given to the relation between cigarette smoking during pregnancy and neurodevelopment in children, this remains controversial. Our study describes the relationship between maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and babbling abilities of the 8-month-old infant. In a longitudinal cohort, information was collected at the 16th week of gestation, at delivery and when the infant was about 8 months old. At this age babbling abilities of the infant were evaluated by a health visitor during a home visit. Singleton infants without any disability born at Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark, 1991-92 and still living in the Community of Aarhus at the age of 8 months were eligible (n = 2302). Complete follow-up was obtained for 1871 children (81.3%). A dose-response-like relationship between number of cigarettes smoked per day during pregnancy and babbling abilities was found after controlling for potential confounders. Smoking 10 or more cigarettes per day during pregnancy almost doubled the risk (odds ratio [OR] = 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-3.6) of the infant being a non-babbler at the examination at 8 months. Among children who were breast fed for less than 4 months this risk was even higher (OR = 2.7, CI 1.3-5.8).
Animal experiments suggest that the fetal brain is sensitive to nicotine. Although much attention has been given to the relation between cigarette smoking during pregnancy and neurodevelopment in children, this remains controversial. Our study describes the relationship between maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and babbling abilities of the 8-month-old infant. In a longitudinal cohort, information was collected at the 16th week of gestation, at delivery and when the infant was about 8 months old. At this age babbling abilities of the infant were evaluated by a health visitor during a home visit. Singleton infants without any disability born at Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark, 1991-92 and still living in the Community of Aarhus at the age of 8 months were eligible (n = 2302). Complete follow-up was obtained for 1871 children (81.3%). A dose-response-like relationship between number of cigarettes smoked per day during pregnancy and babbling abilities was found after controlling for potential confounders. Smoking 10 or more cigarettes per day during pregnancy almost doubled the risk (odds ratio [OR] = 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-3.6) of the infant being a non-babbler at the examination at 8 months. Among children who were breast fed for less than 4 months this risk was even higher (OR = 2.7, CI 1.3-5.8).
Meloidogyne spp., are recognize as the most economically important worldwide. It is difficult to control Meloidogyne spp., because they have wide range of hosts. Due to the high toxicity of chemical nematicides, it is necessary to develop new control strategies. Our previous research showed that some Bacillus spp. effective as biocontrol agents of plant pests and diseases. They have multifunction, such as plant growth promoter, phosphate dissolving bacteria, etc. The aim of this research was to obtain the selected Bacillus spp. to control Meloidogyne spp., to enhance growth and yield of tomato. The treatments were 8 strains of Bacillus spp., Carbofuran, Meloidogyne spp. inoculated tomato and control. The Bacillus spp. have inoculated as seed treatment and seedling treatment before transplanting. The Meloidogyne spp. have inoculated on 4 weeks tomato plants. The parameters were disease development, multiplication of Meloidogyne spp., growth and yield of tomato. The results showed that Bacillus spp. reduced the number of galls, egg masses, eggs per egg mass and nematode per 300 g soil compared to the inoculated control, but the nematicide treatments was more effective to control Meloidogyne spp. Conversely, three strains of Bacillus spp. showed to enhance the growth and yield of tomato than Carbofuran.
Background Previous studies have shown a relationship between maternal stress during pregnancy and increased risk of malformations in children, eg: cleft lip, palate, neural tube and heart defects. To our knowledge no previous studies has had a job-related angle to maternal stress during pregnancy. The present project therefore examines if maternal exposure to psychosocial job strain (high demands and low control) measured by questionnaire early in pregnancy is associated with congenital malformations (all), cardiovascular malformations and malformations in the musculoskeletal system. Methods We use the Danish National Birth Cohort with more than 100.000 children at baseline. In the present study 60,120 pregnancies are included due to inclusion criteria as: working, pregnant when interviewed, singleton pregnancy and information on exposure, covariates and outcome. Congenital malformations are available from the Danish Medical Birth Register with ICD-10 codes. Analyses are controlled for maternal age, BMI, parity, smoking, alcohol use, type of work, maternal serious disease and gestational age at interview. Results In total 3,069 cases of malformations were registered in the study population, 582 of these were cases of circulatory malformations and 1,555 of musculoskeletal malformations. Logistic regression analyses showed that high strain was not associated with increased risk of any type of malformations (OR = 0.99, CI: 0.85–1.15), circulatory (OR = 1.04, CI: (0.75–1.44) or musculoskeletal malformations (OR = 0.88, CI: 0.70–1.10). The analyses were adjusted for maternal age, parity, smoking, alcohol, maternal BMI, type of work, maternal serious disease, gestational age at interview. Crude analyses did not change the results significantly. Conclusion The results support the null-hypothesis; that the risk of having a child with congenital malformations is independent of psychosocial job strain in this sample from the Danish National Birth Cohort. As this contradicts previous findings (e.g. bereavement studies, with loss of a child or husband), a discussion regarding exposure and sample size could be beneficial.
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