<abstract> <p>This study investigated the effect of Industrialization on carbon emissions through energy consumption for a panel of eight Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and nine High Industrialised Countries over the period 1985 to 2020; the study employs the first generation and second-generation Unit root tests. The study further adopts the use of the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model, and Common Correlated Effect pooled mean group to estimate the parameters of the model for OPEC countries and High Industrialised Countries, respectively. In addition, the Dumitrescu-Hurlin Granger causality test is conducted to infer the direction of causality among the variables. The causality test result reveals that, in OPEC, energy consumed during industrial activity is not enough to cause carbon emission and carbon emission does not cause industrialisation to interact with energy consumption. Also, for highly industrialised countries, interaction of energy consumption and industrialization causes carbon emission, but carbon emission does not cause the interaction of energy consumption and industrialization. The estimated model shows that the interactive effect of Industrialization and energy consumption has no significant influence on carbon emissions in OPEC countries in the short and long run. In contrast, foreign direct investment and economic growth have a positive and significant effect on carbon emissions in the short run. However, for highly industrialised countries the study found that the interactive effect of energy industrialization and energy consumption has a positive and significant effect on carbon emissions in the short run. It is apparent from the study that energy consumption for industrial activities, particularly in highly industrialised countries, causes carbon emission and such policy makers should formulate policy that necessitate the use of green energy for industrial activities to improve environmental quality.</p> </abstract>

The study of public health investment, human capital accumulation, and labour productivity are essential in formulating policies that drive economic development. This study examines the individual and interactive effects of public health investment and human capital accumulation and the interactive effect of human capital accumulation and financial opportunity on labour productivity in West Africa from 1992 to 2020, respectively. The interactive effect of human capital accumulation and financial opportunity has not been given any attention in the literature. The following findings are apparent in the study: One, public health Investment and human capital accumulation positively affect labour productivity in the short and long run. Two, the interactive effect of human capital accumulation and public Health Investment positively and significantly affect labour productivity in the short and long run. Lastly, the interactive effect of human capital accumulation and financial opportunity positively and significantly affects labour productivity in the short and long run. Hence, we suggest that economic policy be formulated to ensure that affordable healthcare and financial opportunity are available, together with human capital accumulation, to fast-track the normalization of the economy.