This study aimed to determine the impact of teacher verbal encouragement on physical fitness performance, technical skill, and physiological responses during small-sided soccer games (SSGs) of adolescent female students’ during a physical education session. Fifty-two adolescent female students were divided into a verbal encouragement group (VEG, 15.57 ± 0.50 years) and a contrast group (CG, 15.50 ± 0.51 years). Anthropometric measurements, soccer-specific cardiorespiratory endurance (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1; YYIRT1), muscle power (countermovement jump (CMJ); 5-jump-test (5JT), agility (t-test), sprint speed (30 m)), technical skill, and heart rate (HR) responses during SSG were measured. Additionally, heart rate (HR) was recorded throughout the SSG, and video analysis was used to quantify technical actions. The independent samples Student’s t-test was used to compare the difference between the verbal encouragement group and the CG. There was no difference between the verbal encouragement group and the CG in anthropometric characteristics and 30 m speed (p > 0.05). The total distance measured with YO-YOIRT level 1, t-test performance, CMJ, and 5JT performance results of the verbal encouragement group were considerably higher than the CG (p = 0.001, ES = 1.8, large; p = 0.001, ES = 1.09, large; and p = 0.001, ES = 1.15, large, respectively). Furthermore, the ball contacts, successful balls, and average heart rate were higher in the verbal encouragement group compared with the CG (p = 0.001, ES = 3.69, large; p = 0.001, ES = 5.25, large; and p = 0.001, ES = 5.14, large, respectively). These results could inform teachers of the usefulness of verbal encouragement in the teaching-learning process in the school setting during small-sided soccer games.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of flat foot on the frontal alignment of calcaneus and tibia in 23 children with flat feet, aged 7-9 (7.43±0.58 years old). To evaluate the foot, the Foot Posture Index-6 (FPI 6) was used, while the posture of the calcaneus and the tibia was analyzed using the Global Postural System 400. The statistical results indicate strong intensity links between flat foot and the frontal alignment of the calcaneus and the tibia, as follows: FPI 6 right foot score and calcaneus - right foot angle (r= 0.824; p < 0.001), tibia - right foot angle (r= 0.588; p < 0.001); FPI 6 left foot score and calcaneus - left foot angle (r= 0.824; p < 0.001), tibia - left foot angle (r= 0.853; p < 0.001). Our study demonstrates that pediatric flat foot has the capacity to significantly influence the values of the angle of the calcaneus and tibia in a frontal plane. Keywords: pediatric flat foot, Foot Posture Index-6,proximal segments
The dynamics of intra-industry specialization was shown by means of the regional indices of marginal specialization, indices which break down the changes which appear in the specialization processes into two components: the marginal intra-industry specialization and the inter-industry specialization. The regional assessment of the marginal intra-industry specialization was done on the level of the sections in the Combined Register, and the results of the analyses confirm the fact that the dynamics of the specialization processes in the Romanian regions was greatly influenced by the increase of intra-industry specialization, increase manifested especially in the specialization process pertaining to the manufacturing of products which use intensively the human capital and high technology.
The actions taken for the promotion of the equality of opportunity between men and women and for eliminating the direct or the indirect discrimination apply to the field of employment as well as to the field of education, health, culture, information and the participation in the decision making process. Starting from one of the objectives of the Strategy for the equality of opportunity, being aware of the real situation of women participation compared to men participation to the economical and social life, this analysis offers a perspective on the equality of opportunity between men and women in the field of employment, seen based on the statistical data. Thus, in order to quantify this phenomenon using methods specific to the statistical analysis, we used the gender pay gap indicator pertaining to the EU member states per total economy, as well as per economical activities, and the research results show that on the EU level there are still significant gender pay gaps.
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