Soil temperature is a sensitive climate indicator. In this paper, we used data from weather stations located in various natural zones of the European part of Russia to demonstrate how the soil temperature responded to modern climate change. The most intensive warming is observed at the beginning of the 21st century. The average annual air temperature for the period 2001–2015 increased compared to the period 1961–1990 by 1.2–1.4°C. The average annual soil temperature has increased in all studied soils and at all depths by 0.5–1.0°C. Soil warming is observed in both warm and cold periods of the year. However, soil temperatures have changed differently in different seasons of the year. The increase in air and soil temperature leads to a shift of the soil-climatic zones to the north.
The experience of studying the problem of corrosive aggressiveness of soils and grounds in terms of improving the reliability of Gazprom’s pipeline systems operation is summarized and presented. Soil factors causing surface corrosion of gas pipelines in soil conditions are studied. Based on the obtained results, it was suggested to evaluate not only the corrosive aggressiveness of soils and the gas pipe lifetime, but also the corrosive resistance of pipe metal in corrosive environments. Special attention is paid to the stress corrosion cracking formation mechanism.
The paper summarizes the experience of studying the effect of modern warming on the thawing depth of sandy and loamy soils in the permafrost zone. The definition of soil cryogenesis as a natural process and facies as the end result of soil cryogenesis as a process is given. The effect of soil cryogenesis facies on stress corrosion cracking of gas pipes of the Gazprom system in cold and warm seasons has been studied. It was found that the facies of soil cryogenesis are interconnected by the process of energy and mass exchange. It is shown that in the annual cycle, each facies formed by soil cryogenesis is the basis for the development of stress corrosion cracking of gas pipelines.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.