Soil temperature response to modern climate change at four sites of different latitude in the European part of Russia

Abstract

Soil temperature is a sensitive climate indicator. In this paper, we used data from weather stations located in various natural zones of the European part of Russia to demonstrate how the soil temperature responded to modern climate change. The most intensive warming is observed at the beginning of the 21st century. The average annual air temperature for the period 2001–2015 increased compared to the period 1961–1990 by 1.2–1.4°C. The average annual soil temperature has increased in all studied soils and at all depths by 0.5–1.0°C. Soil warming is observed in both warm and cold periods of the year. However, soil temperatures have changed differently in different seasons of the year. The increase in air and soil temperature leads to a shift of the soil-climatic zones to the north.

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“…and Russia (Zhang et al, 2016;Reshotkin and Khudyakov, 2019); however, the trend was less clear for Canada.…”

“…For the whole of Canada, the annual mean soil temperature increased by 0.6 °C during the last century at a depth of 20 cm, which is less than in the current study (1.3 °C) but also represented a huge study area. Data from four Russian measurement series (ranging from 1950 to 1966) in different soil types and covering a latitudinal range from 46.31 °N to 65.52 °N showed a gradual warming on all sites down to a measurement depth of 320 cm (Reshotkin and Khudyakov, 2019). At 20 cm depth, the average annual soil temperature increase was between 0.21 °C-0.29 °C per decade depending on location and soil type as compared to 0.45 °C in the present study compared to the long-term mean .…”

“…Long-term records on soil temperature are not very common, but increasing temperatures have been reported for different parts of the world (for example Eastern Australia, (Knight et al, 2018), Canada, (Zhang et al, 2005), China, (Zhang et al, 2016;Fang et al, 2019), Turkey, (Yeşilırmak, 2014), or Russia, (Reshotkin and Khudyakov, 2019;Kudeyarov et al, 2009). Observed warming rates were larger in the northern, cooler regions, than in the warmer southern regions for China FIGURE 2.…”