In recent decades, the frequency and prevalence of allergic diseases among children have increased dramatically. The aim of the current study was to investigate features of hapten specific sensitization and immune status in different student age groups during high-intensity educational process. A number of parameters related to specific sensitization to metals and organic compounds were studied: 67 first grade children and 35 6-7 grade children attending school with a high-intensity educational process simultaneously chronically exposed to exogenous chemical haptens (the observation group No. 1 and observation group No. 2, respectively); in 20 primary school students and 27 6-7 grade students educated in the absence of excessive exposure to negative factors (the comparison group No. 1 and comparison group No. 2, respectively). Measurement of serum IgE immunoglobulins specific to manganese, IgE specific to nickel, formaldehyde as well as IgG specific to benzene, lead, phenol was carried out by using enzymeallergosorbent test; level IL-4 (Th2) was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; level of CD19+ receptor expression on lymphocytes was estimated by flow cytometry. A simple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the data. To test null hypotheses about equality of mean values between two independent groups with a normal distribution, a two-sample Student’s t-test was used. It was found out that the degree of specific sensitization changed with age in students chronically exposed to exogenous haptens. The level of specific sensitization to organic compounds increases markedly in high school students vs. to primary school children (IgG level to phenol elevated by 1.5 times) paralleled with profoundly increased production of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 – by 1.8-fold) as well as activated humoral immunity (percentage of CD19+ lymphocytes increased by 1.3-fold). Probable causative link was found between amount of serum exogenous phenol hapten and increased concentration of phenol-specific IgG (F = 140.81; R2 = 0.53; p 0.001). Hapten-specific sensitization in school students increases progressively with age or duration of hapten exposure.
Introduction. A Hormon-like agent such as phenol is able both to integrate into the work of hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary system and trigger a cascade of responses that leads to the development of the immune, hormonal and endocrine systems disorder. Material and methods. The study included 181 woman who permanently live in the area with contamination with phenol in air above standard level. All women are comparable in age, material status and ethnicity. Immunological and hormonal indices were determined by enzyme immunoassay, genetic markers were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Statistical data processing was carried out with the soffware Statistica 10.0, using parametric and non-parametric methods. Results. Between the study groups there were obtained significant differences in following markers: thyroid-stimulating hormone, serotonin, interleukin 6, interleukin 10, estradiol. The dependence of appearance of unfavorable reproductive effects on the presence of polymorphic allele’s was determined: A allele of a gene SULT1A1, G allele of a gene PER2, C allele of a gene SIRT1. Correlation models are defined: thyroid-stimulating hormone and phenol, serotonin and phenol, thyroid-stimulating hormone and cresol, serotonin and cresol, estradiol and cresol. Conclusion. All found markers (increased concentration of phenol in biological media, gene polymorphism, altered protein and receptor expression) create special conditions for the course of the miscarriage pathology.
Introduction. Today, it is relevant to use modern critical technologies for identifying and evaluating the negative effects associated with the effects of chemicals at the stages of pre-nosological changes. This improves the efficiency of the early detection of progress in pre-pathological conditions prior to the onset of pronounced functional changes and the aggravation of the disease. The use of molecular diagnostic methods based on genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analysis technologies is one of the most promising approaches. Aim of the work is an analysis of both aspects and practical use of the modern critical technologies capabilities (genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic technologies) in the implementation of biomedical and experimental studies for the tasks of the detection biomarkers of negative effects of chemical risk factors on the example of exposure conditions with aluminum compounds. Material and methods. The proteomic analysis was carried out by the method of two-dimensional electrophoresis, polymorphism of alleles and genotypes of candidate genes by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. The transcriptome state was assessed based on the results of gene expression studies. The expression of membrane and serum proteins was studied by biochemical and immunological methods analysis. Statistical processing of the results was carried out in the systems “Gencalculator,” “Gene Expert” and online program “SNPStats”. Results. The results of using proteomic analysis technologies made it possible to identify proteins annexin-13, SH3-domain protein-RF3, cathepsin L1 and, accordingly, genes CTSL, SH3RF3, THO complex subunit 2 as Ohmic markers of aerogenic exposure of inorganic compounds. The results of the analysis of gene polymorphism in the population exposed to environmental pollution allowed establishing the changed frequency of variant alleles and genotypes of genes: immune control - TLR4 (toll-like receptor); vascular factors - eNOS rs1799983 (endothelial NOsintase); detoxification - coproporphyrinogen oxidase CPOX (rs1131857), cytochrome P450 CYP1A1 (rs 1048943); neuro-humoral regulation of ANKK1 rs1800497 (dopamine receptor gene) and HTR2A rs7997012 (serotonin receptor gene). The results of gene expression analysis made it possible to establish negative transcriptomic effects induced by exposure to amphoteric metals due to the isolation of specific CD4+, CD8+, CD16+ cell phenotypes expressing the proteomic profile gene of blood plasma lipoprotein A (LPA gene). Discussion. The obtained results correspond data of a number of scientific studies, noting the importance of identifying polymorphic deviations of genes determining the individual risk of health problems in a variety of stressful environmental factors affecting humans. Minor genotypes of candidate genes under conditions of excessive contamination with amphoteric metal compounds significantly increase the risk of deviations in immune regulation indices, which modifies apoptosis mechanisms, which are crucial for the formation of atopy and onco-proliferation. Conclusion. The use of genome, transcriptomic and proteomic technologies as a modern tool for the diagnostics of health disorders allowed justifying the set of priority exposition and effect Ohmic-markers, associated with aerogenic effect of amphoteric metals, which have a modifying effect on the pathogenetic mechanisms of the formation of disorders of nervous and immune systems, the 1st and 2nd phase of detoxification, the likelihood of vascular disorders and onco-proliferative processes.
The review dwells on results obtained via examinations that focused on effects produced by vanadium and its compounds contaminating the environment on health disorders related to cell death deregulation. Research works that have been performed over the last decades and focused on revealing the essence of apoptosis mechanism under exposure to technogenic chemicals are truly vital due to this phenomenon having great biological significance within a system of a body trying to adapt to influences exerted by environmental factors. The present work focuses on apoptosis peculiarities under exposure to excess technogenic concentrations of vanadium compounds. Published research works have been analyzed, analysis results are outlined, and a scientific hypothesis has been formulated within the subject matter. We have described an immune-modulating effect produced by vanadium compounds that is able to modify apoptosis events due to changes in cell death modes (apoptosis activation/inhibition) and it provides body adaptation to changing environmental conditions. A range in vanadium concentrations between essential and toxic ones predetermines multi-directional changes in apoptosis induction and completion. Thus, induced apoptosis activation makes for development of autoimmune and immune-proliferative processes; at the same time, cell death inhibition can result in immune deficiency, inflammatory reactions, and neurodegenerative diseases. It was shown that vanadium compounds produced modifying effects on mitochondrial functions regulation, changes in phosphorilation/dephosphorilation ratio in protein products, and imbalance in free radical processes; all this ultimately disrupts a balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic signals in a cell. Monitoring over apoptosis parameters that characterize cell death under exposure to vanadium and its compounds will allow timely detecting risks of pre-nosology state occurrence and prevent damage to health
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