The paper examines the impact of protective equipment used during the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment. The impact of protective face masks on the aquatic environment was analyzed in more detailed way. The amount of protective face masks penetrated into the environment as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and their role in the increase of plastic and microplastic things in the environment was noted. The aim of the work was to study the migration of a number of metals from disposable protective masks into the aquatic environment in the short term. Using the method of atomic absorption spectroscopy, the value of Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn, Fe in the investigated model systems containing protective disposable face masks was obtained by varying the pH of the aqueous medium. It was found that for manganese, lead and iron there is a permanent (Mn) or temporary (Pb, Fe) excess of these metals in the aquatic environment according to national and European standards. The probable possibility of sorption effects and the need for further research in this direction were noted.
The work defines the objects of the state's critical infrastructure, their relationship with strategic and other dangerous objects and productions. It should be noted that today Ukraine, as a state that defends its independence in the war, faces many different tasks, one of which is the protection of critical infrastructure objects from military-terrorist influence, the solution of which not only saves the lives of civilians, but also ensures the defense of sovereignty, territorial integrity and independent existence of the state. The solution of this task is carried out both in wartime and in peacetime. The problem is to determine the objects of the state's critical infrastructure, in their correlation with strategic and other dangerous objects and productions, which in practice allows determining the priority of their protection in terms of the involvement of technical and material means. Based on the above, the purpose of this article is to determine the relationship between the terms critical infrastructure object, potentially dangerous object, dangerous production object and strategic object, from the standpoint of ensuring their security and countering terrorist threats. The concept of state infrastructure and the process of formation of the term critical infrastructure of the state are considered. The characteristics of the objects of strategic purpose are given. The meaning of the concepts of potentially dangerous, dangerous industrial and critically important objects is analyzed. It is proved that based on the assessment of the constituent parts of the state's critical infrastructure, the concepts of a potentially dangerous object, an object of hazardous production, a critically important object and a strategic object can be considered identical in relation to nuclear objects. Prolonging the reasoning in this way, it is possible to confirm the validity of this identity in relation to other objects of critical infrastructure, for example, hydro and thermal power, petrochemicals and others. Keywords: critical infrastructure object, nuclear object, terror, dangerous object, protection, concept.
The work is devoted to the solution of an actual scientific task in the field of civil protection, namely, the development of a new model for the prevention of emergency situations of a terrorist nature at the objects of the critical infrastructure of Ukraine, which are protected, by means of timely detection and identification of small unmanned aerial vehicles by active optoelectronic means. Based on the analysis, it was established that one of the trends in the development of terrorist scenarios at protected critical infrastructure facilities is the use of various small manned and unmanned aerial vehicles to carry out terrorist acts. This work is a continuation of the cycle of previous works on the development of a structural and logical model for managing an emergency situation of a terrorist nature at an object of critical infrastructure of Ukraine, which is protected, caused by the appearance of small-sized aerial targets, intended for the development and constant implementation of procedures of an organizational and technical nature to ensure the safety of the object to the guarded object, when small air targets appear. A mathematical model for the detection of signals reflected from small aerial targets using active optical systems using the phenomena of light absorption and scattering in optically transparent media has been developed, which represents a system of four analytical dependencies. Further research will be directed to conducting field experiments, performed using a specially designed laboratory setup, and theoretical calculations of the value of expected target detection activities as part of numerous experiments that should prove the reliability of the results obtained in the work. Identified directions of further research regarding the presented mathematical model of detecting signals reflected from small unmanned aerial vehicles using active optical systems that use the phenomena of absorption and scattering of light in optically transparent media will be directed to conducting full-scale experiments performed using a specially developed laboratory installation and theoretical calculations of the value of expected target detection activities as part of numerous experiments, with the aim of proving the reliability of the results obtained in the work. Keywords: emergency situation, small unmanned aerial vehicle, violator, model, protected object.
The scientific task of developing recommendations for the selection of types of road maps as an element of engineering structures with the predictive effect of minimizing fragmentation of civilians in case of fire damage by high-explosive munitions during reconstruction of affected settlements of Ukraine. The analysis of literature sources proved the need for detailed research of engineering and building materials and structures in order to increase their resistance to the fire effects of modern ammunition used in Russian aggression against the people and territory of Ukraine. It has been proven that the use of explosive weapons in populated areas leads to numerous casualties and injuries to civilians. The detonation of high-explosive munitions is enhanced in enclosed or semi-enclosed spaces, such as buildings, tunnels, narrow streets or vehicles. This leads to a higher proportion of deaths due to secondary damage. It is established that the recommendations on the choice of types of road maps as an element of engineering structures with a predictive effect of minimizing fragmentation of civilians in case of fire damage by high-explosive munitions, allow to further develop a methodology for developing road surfaces damage to the civilian population by 30% of the primary and 70% of the secondary factors of fire damage by high-explosive fragmentation munitions. From so against fragmentation of the road surface and competent engineering placement and layout of buildings in the settlement and type in can significantly increase the likelihood of human survival in cities and villages. Future engineering solutions should also take into account regional differences in structures and building materials. Further research should be conducted to determine the minimization effects of fire damage from the use of building materials with regional characteristics. As a result, the use of explosive weapons in populated areas leads to numerous victims and injuries of the civilian population. In addition to the human cost, fire damage to populated areas results in significant damage to basic infrastructure, homes and businesses. At the same time, the detonation effect of high-explosive munitions is enhanced in closed or semi-closed spaces, such as buildings, tunnels, narrow streets or vehicles. This leads to a higher proportion of deaths due to secondary damage. Since then, there is a need to develop engineering and technical recommendations, which, based on the quantitative assessment of the effects of fire damage, would allow to form measures against potential factors of secondary damage during the reconstruction of cities and villages. of Ukraine. The developed recommendations on the selection of types of road maps as an element of engineering structures with the predictive effect of minimizing shrapnel damage to the civilian population in the event of fire damage by high-explosive munitions allow to further develop a methodology for the development of road surfaces in cities and towns of Ukraine during their reconstruction. This will reduce the probability of damage to the civilian population by 30% from primary and by 70% from secondary factors of fire damage by high-explosive munitions. Keywords: minimization of consequences, fire damage, road surface, civilians, city
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