RESUMOEm pastagens manejadas intensivamente, que recebem altas doses de nutrientes, é necessário conhecer sua extração para auxiliar as recomendações de adubação. Este trabalho teve a finalidade de avaliar os nutrientes extraídos pela fitomassa de capimmarandu (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst ex. A. Rich.) Stapf cv. Marandu) submetido a fontes e doses de N e seu efeito na recuperação aparente do N, em experimento conduzido em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico, sob condições tropicais. Foram aplicadas três doses de N: 50, 100 e 200 kg ha -1 corte -1 , nas formas de uréia e de nitrato de amônio (NA), após quatro cortes consecutivos na estação chuvosa, além da testemunha. Houve aumento na extração dos nutrientes com doses crescentes de N, com valores elevados para K e N. As extrações dos macronutrientes foram maiores para K seguidas de N, Ca, Mg, P e S e dos micronutrientes na seguinte ordem decrescente: Fe, Mn, Zn e Cu. A recuperação média do N, pela forragem, de todas as doses da uréia foi de 84% da obtida com o NA, para o qual variou entre 38 e 51%. Em capim-marandu com produções elevadas de forragem, a extração de K é grande e a recuperação média de N da uréia é inferior à média do nitrato de amônio. Termos para indexação:Brachiaria brizantha, extração de nutrientes, nitrato de amônio, teores de nutrientes, uréia. ABSTRACTData about nutrient extraction in pastures receiving high rates of nutrients are important to help to define fertilizer recommendations. The present work had the objective of evaluating nutrient extraction and N recovery by marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst ex. A. Rich.) Stapf cv. Marandu) treated with different sources and rates of N, grown on a dark red latosol (Hapludox), under tropical conditions, in Brazil. Three rates of N were surface-applied: 50, 100 and 200 kg ha -1 cutting -1 as urea or ammonium nitrate, after four consecutive cuttings, during the rainy season. Nutrient extraction increased with increasing nitrogen rates, with high values mainly for K and N. When forage yield was high (treatment with 400 kg ha -1 year -1 of N) and for both fertilizer, macronutrient extraction was greater for K and N, followed by Ca, Mg, P, and S. Micronutrient extraction decreased in the following order: Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu. Mean N recovery, by forage, from urea was of about 84% of that of ammonium nitrate, which varied from 38 to 51% of applied N. Large amounts of K are extract for marandu grass with high forage yield, and mean urea-N recovery is lower than for ammonium nitrate-N.
RESUMO -Foi conduzido experimento em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico, em São Carlos, SP, para avaliar o efeito de doses e fontes de nitrogênio (N), no teor, extração dos nutrientes e na recuperação do N aplicado em capim-coastcross (Cynodon dactylon cv. Coastcross). Foram aplicadas sobre a superfície do solo cinco doses de N (0, 25, 50, 100 e 200 kg ha -1 corte -1 ), na forma de uréia ou de nitrato de amônio, em cinco períodos consecutivos, durante a estação chuvosa. Foram determinados os teores e calculada a extração de nutrientes e a recuperação do N. Houve aumento na extração dos nutrientes com o aumento da produção de forragem, com elevados valores principalmente para N e K. Para altas produções de forragem (tratamento 500 kg ha -1 ano -1 de N) e para as duas fontes de nitrogênio as extrações dos macronutrientes foram maiores para K e N, seguidas de Ca, S, P e Mg e dos micronutrientes Fe, Mn, Zn e Cu. A recuperação média de N da uréia foi de 68% do N obtido do nitrato de amônio, que variou, em média, de 68 a 75%.Palavras-chave: Cynodon dactylon, doses de N, nitrato de amônio, nitrogênio absorvido, produção de biomassa, uréia Nitrogen Fertilization in Coastcross Grass: Effects on Nutrient Extraction and Apparent Nitrogen RecoveryABSTRACT -Contents, nutrient extraction, and apparent applied N recovery were determined in a coastcross pasture established on a dark red latosol (Hapludox), in São Carlos, SP, Brazil, receiving five rates of N as urea or amonium nitrate, surface-applied (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 kg ha -1 cutting -1 ) in five consecutive periods, during the rainy season. Nutrient extraction increased with increasing nitrogen rates. When forage yield was high (treatment with 500 kg ha -1 year -1 of N) and for both fertilizers, macronutrient extraction was greater for K and N, followed by Ca, S, P, and Mg. Micronutrient extraction occurred in the following decreasing order: Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu. Nitrogen recoveries from urea and ammonium nitrate surface-applied on coastcross pasture were calculated. Significant differences occurred within periods (P<0.05), depending on climatic conditions. Mean N recovery of urea was about 68% of that of ammonium nitrate. Recovery of ammonium nitrate-N ranged from 68 to 75% of applied N.Key Words: ammonium nitrate, biomass production, Cynodon dactylon, nitrogen levels, nitrogen uptake, urea IntroduçãoAs pastagens constituem o principal e mais barato componente da dieta de bovinos e, como tal, representam a base de sustentação da pecuária de corte no Brasil. Todavia, a maioria das pastagens está na região de Cerrados, nas áreas de menor fertilidade, explorada de maneira extrativista e, como conseqüência, em processo de degradação. Essa situação tem contribuído para que a pecuária de corte apresente, há décadas, índices zootécnicos muito baixos (Corsi, 1986), com taxa de lotação das pastagens em torno de 0,5 UA ha -1 e produtividade na faixa de 100 kg ha -1 ano -1 de peso vivo.Embora as gramíneas forrageiras tropicais não sejam de excelente qualidade, pois o ganho de p...
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a taxa de emissão de metano (CH 4 ) pela técnica do gás traçador, hexafluoreto de enxofre (SF 6 ), em bovinos leiteiros a pasto em condições tropicais brasileiras. As medições foram realizadas na estação das chuvas, com adequada oferta de forragem, em animais da raça Holandesa e Mestiça Leiteira Brasileira em pastagem de capim-tobiatã (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tobiatã) adubada, com vacas em lactação, vacas secas e novilhas, e em pastagem de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) não adubada com novilhas. As concentrações de CH 4 e SF 6 foram determinadas por cromatografia gasosa. A emissão de CH 4 pelas vacas em lactação foi de 13,8 a 16,8 g/hora, pelas vacas secas de 11,6 a 12,3 g/hora, pelas novilhas em pastagem adubada de 9,5 g/hora, e pelas novilhas em pastagem sem adubo de 7,6 a 8,3 g/hora ou 66 a 72 kg/animal/ano. A emissão de CH 4 por matéria seca digestiva ingerida foi de 42 a 69 g/kg em vacas em lactação, de 46 a 56 g/kg em vacas secas, 45 a 58 g/kg em novilhas ingerindo pasto adubado e 58 a 62 g/kg em novilhas em pastagem sem adubo. A emissão de CH 4 por bovinos leiteiros ingerindo gramíneas tropicais é superior à emissão por bovinos ingerindo gramíneas de clima temperado.Termos para indexação: traçador interno, hexafluoreto de enxofre, metano ruminal, gás de efeito estufa. Dairy cattle enteric methane measured in Brazilian tropical conditionsAbstract -The objective of this work was to quantify methane (CH 4 ) emission using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) tracer technique, by dairy cattle on pasture in Brazilian tropical field conditions. Measurements were performed in the rainy season, with Holstein and Holstein x Zebu crossbred, from lactating and dry cows and heifers grazing fertilized Tobiatã grass, and heifers grazing unfertilized Brachiaria grass. Methane and SF 6 concentrations were determined by gas chromatograph. Methane emissions by lactating cows varied from 13.8 to 16.8 g/hour, by dry cows from 11.6 to 12.3 g/hour, by heifers grazing fertilized grass was 9.5 g/hour and by heifers grazing unfertilized grass varied from 7.6 to 8.3 g/hour or 66 to 72 kg/head/year. Methane emission per digestive dry matter intake (DMDI) varied from 42 to 69 g/kg DMDI for lactating cows, 46 to 56 g/kg for dry cows, 45 to 58 g/kg for heifers grazing fertilized grass and 58 to 62 g/kg for heifers in unfertilized grass pasture. The CH 4 emission measured on dairy cattle feeding tropical grasses was higher than that observed for temperate climate conditions. Index terms: internal tracer, sulfur hexafluoride, ruminal methane, greenhouse gas.(1) Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Caixa Postal 339, CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP. E-mail: odo@cppse.embrapa.br (2) Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Caixa Postal 69, CEP 13820-000 Jaguariúna, SP. E-mail: rosa@cnpma.embrapa.br, magda@cnpma.embrapa.br (3) Universidade Estadual Paulista, Fac. de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castelanne, km 5, s/n o , CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP. E-mail: pedreira@f...
RESUMO -Objetivou-se verificar possíveis perdas de N-nitrato em profundidade, em experimentos conduzidos no período das chuvas em dois anos consecutivos em pastagem de capim-coastcross ( Cynodon dactylon cv. coastcross) instalada sobre Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico, na região de São Carlos, SP. Foram determinados os teores de nitrato no perfil do solo, após aplicações superficiais de 125, 250, 500 e 1.000 kg ha -1 ano -1 de nitrogênio, na forma de uréia e nitrato de amônio, parcelados em cinco vezes, até a profundidade de 160 cm. Em 1999, a determinação dos teores de N-nitrato após o quinto corte do capim, indicou maiores teores para nitrato de amônio, em especial na maior dose de N. As maiores variações ocorreram até 100 cm. Em 2000, foram medidos semanalmente os teores de N-nitrato no perfil do solo nos tratamentos com as doses de 500 e 1.000 kg ha -1 ano -1 de N. As maiores variações (de 0 a 81,2 mg kg -1 de N-NO 3 -) ocorreram até 40 cm de profundidade.Os resultados indicam não haver risco de contaminação do lençol freático em solos profundos de textura média ocupados por gramínea tropical manejada intensivamente quando não se utilizam adubações nitrogenadas superiores à capacidade de ciclagem da forrageira e quando se considera o potencial de fornecimento do solo.Palavras-chave: aplicação superficial, Cynodon dactylon cv. coastcross, lixiviação de nitrato, nitrato de amônio, uréia Nitrate leaching in heavily nitrogen fertilized coastcross pastureABSTRACT -The goal of this work was to assess nitrate losses in the soil profile. Nitrate concentration was determined in the profile of a soil under coastcross pasture (Cynodon dactylon cv. Coastcross), in São Carlos, SP, Brazil, in the rainy season of two consecutive years. The soil was a dark red Latosol (Hapludox), affected by tropical altitude climate. Nitrogen doses of 125, 250, 500 and 1,000 kg ha -1 year -1 , as urea or ammonium nitrate were broadcasted splited in five applications. Soil nitrate concentration was determined down to 160 cm depth. In 1999, nitrate level varied according to N sources, reaching higher figure in soil that had received 1,000 kg ha -1 year -1 of N. The highest NO 3 -N concentration occurred in soil layer down to 100 cm depth, in the plots treated with ammonium nitrate. In 2000, nitrate-N was measured weekly in the soil profile, in treatments with 500 and 1,000 kg ha -1 year -1 . The greatest variations, from 0 to 81.2 mg kg -1 of NO 3 -N, occurred down to 40 cm depth. Results point to low danger of water table contamination in deep medium textured soils of intensively well managed tropical grass pasture, using N doses lower than the forage N cycling capacity and considering the potential soil N sources.
Ruminal gases, particularly methane, generated during the fermentative process in rumen, represent a partial loss of feed energy and are also pointed to as an important factors in greenhouse effect. This study aimed at quantifying methane (CH4) emission rates from lactating and dry cows and heifers, 24 month-old in average, on pasture under Southeast Brazil tropical conditions, using the tracer gas technique, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), four animals per category, distributed in four blocks. Measurements were performed in February and June, 2002, with Holstein and Brazilian Dairy Crossbred (Holstein ¾ x Gir (Zebu) ¼), maintained on fertilized Tanzania-grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania) and fertilized Brachiaria-grass (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk) pastures. Heifers of both breeds were maintained on unfertilized Brachiaria-grass to simulate conditions of extensive cattle farming systems. CH4 and SF6 levels were measured with gas chromatography. Differences in CH4 emissions were measured (p < 0.05) for genetical groups. Holstein produced more methane (299.3 g day-1) than the Crossbred (264.2 g day-1). Lactating cows produced more methane (353.8 g day-1) than dry cows (268.8 g day-1) and heifers (222.6 g day-1). Holstein, with greater milk production potential, produced less CH4 (p < 0.05) per unit of dry matter intake (19.1 g kg-1) than the Crossbred (22.0 g kg-1). Methane emission by heifers grazing fertilized pasture (intensive system) was 222.6 g day-1, greater (p < 0.05) than that of heifers on unfertilized pasture (179.2 g day-1). Methane emission varied as function of animal category and management intensity of production system.
<p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of seasons under a tropical climate on forage quality, as well the effect of an <em>Urochloa brizantha </em>cv. Marandu grazing system on enteric methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions from Nellore cattle in the Southeast region of Brazil. Sixteen Nellore steers (18 months old and initial weight 318.0 ± 116.59 kg of LW; final weight 469 ± 98.50 kg of LW) were used for a trial period of 10 months, with four collection periods in winter (August), spring (December), summer (February) and autumn (May). Each collection period consisted of 28 days, corresponding to the representative month of each season where the last six days were designed for methane data collection. Animals were randomly distributed within 16 experimental plots, distributed in four random blocks over four trial periods. CH<sub>4</sub> emissions were determined using the sulphur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>) tracer gas technique measured by gas chromatography and fluxes of CH<sub>4</sub> calculated. The forage quality was characterized by higher CP and IVDMD and lower lignin contents in spring, differing specially from winter forage. Average CH<sub>4</sub> emissions were between 102.49 and 220.91 g d<sup>-1</sup> (37.4 to 80.6 kg ani<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>); 16.89 and 30.20 g kg<sup>-1</sup> DMI; 1.35 and 2.90 Mcal ani<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>; 0.18 and 0.57 g kg<sup>-1</sup> ADG<sup>-1</sup> and 5.05 and 8.76% of GE. Emissions in terms of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalents were between 4.68 and 14.22 g CO<sub>2</sub>-eq<sup>-1</sup> g<sup>-1</sup> ADG. Variations in CH<sub>4</sub> emissions were related to seasonal effect on the forage quality and variations in dry matter intake.</p>
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