The somatotypological characteristic of acrobats in the literature is insufficiently disclosed, especially from the position of the role of sports selection, training and competitive activities in the formation of somatotype in athletes, whose professional activity is marked by coordination, rhythm and artistic movements, and the early onset of the impact of intense physical activity on their body. The purpose of the work is to establish the peculiarities of the components of the somatotype of acrobats with a high level of sportsmanship of prepubertal, pubertal and postpubertal age. We conducted a survey of 122 girls acrobats of high-level sports skills. As a control group, 126 girls were examined, who were not engaged in sports and studied in schools of Vinnytsia. The girls’ passport age was between 8 and 21 years old. In order to determine the biological age, we used the scheme Avtandilov G. G. (1990). The examined girls were divided into three groups according to the degree of biological maturity: prepubertal period (36 acrobats and 39 girls of the control group); puberty period (31 acrobats and 35 girls of the control group); postpubertal period (55 acrobats and 59 girls of the control group). The somatotypological study was performed according to the estimated modification of the Heath-Carters method (1990). The analysis of the obtained results was carried out in the licensed package “Statistica 5.5” using parametric methods of estimation of indicators. It was found that in the prepubertal period of the ontogenesis in the acrobat and in the girls who were not engaged in sports, the group somatotype was ecto-mesomorphic. In this period, the fatty component of the somatotype in acrobats was significantly lower, and mesomorphic - significantly higher than that of non-sports girls. In the puberty period, the somatotype in control and acrobats had distinct features of the ecto-mesomorphic type. It was found that acrobats in this period had a greater linearity of the body, as evidenced by the significantly higher values of their ectomorphic component of the somatotype. In addition, the size of the endomorphic component was significantly lower in athletes than in the control group. In the postpubertal period of ontogenesis, the F- and L-components were not significantly different, unlike in the previous period, which was characterized by intense puberty development. Acrobats only showed a significant predominance of the mesomorphic component of the somatotype. It can be concluded that the peculiarities of acrobatic sports activity in prepubertal, puberty and postpubertal age have the most significant effect on the development of the fatty and muscular components of the somatotype.
During qualified sport selection special attention should be paid to those features and abilities that have a great influence on the effectiveness, and those, that are mainly under the influence of genetic factor. Such morphogenetic markers of sports selection include, firstly, the constitutional features of athletes, in particular the shape of the chest. The purpose of work is to determine the differences between the anthropometric dimensions of the chest between female volleyball players of high level of athletic skill and non-sportsmen, who belonged to different constitutional types. On the base of the Scientific-Research Center of the Vinnytsya National Pirogov Memorial Medical University an anthropo-somatotypological investigation of 113 female volleyball players of high level athletic skill (from 16 to 20 years old) was done. The control group included 204 practically healthy young women, who were not engaged in sports of the corresponding age. Anthropometric research was performed according to the V. V. Bunak (1941) method, somatotypological study was based on the estimated modification of the Heath-Carter method (1990). In young women, who were not engaged in sports, more than in half of the cases were indicated constitutional types, which were characterized by good development of fatty body composition. Between female volleyball players were dominated individuals with mesomorphic somatotype (26.66%), ectomorphic somatotype (23.01%), ecto-mesomorphic somatotype (23.89%), and representatives of the intermediate somatotype (23.01%) were almost uniformly represented in the sample. The analysis of the results was carried out in the licensing program "Statistica 5.5" using nonparametric methods of estimating the parameters. We have found that the female volleyball players of the ectomorphic somatotype have the smallest anthropometric dimensions of the chest, as compared with athletes of other constitutional groups. In the mesomorphs female volleyball players all transverse and the most of overall sizes of the chest were the largest. Parameters of the athletes with the ecto-mesomorphic somatotype were slightly small to the size of the somatometric parameters of the mesomorphs, but they had the highest values of the anterior-posterior size of the chest. Female volleyball players with intermediate somatotype had larger values of the chest size than volleyball players with ectomorphic somatotype, although no significant difference was found when comparing them. It was found, that the most of the overall, transverse, and anterior-posterior dimensions of the chest in female volleyball players are statistically significantly higher than that of girls, who were not engaged in sports, and belonged to the same constitutional type as athletes. We have made a conclusion that belonging to one of the constitutional type does not provide similarity of morphometric parameters of the chest in persons with different levels of physical activity.
Determining the indicators of the external body structure, which are inherent in highly qualified athletes of a particular sport during the annual training macrocycle, can be reliable markers in sports selection. The aim of the work is to determine the differences of anthropometric dimensions in qualified young women volleyball players at the beginning of the preparatory period and at the end of the competitive period of the annual training cycle. We examined 36 young women volleyball players of the section of sports improvement of National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya and the women’s volleyball team of the Super League of Ukraine “Bilozgar – Medical University”. All volleyball players belonged to a juvenile age (from 16 to 20 years) and had a high level of sportsmanship. We conducted two surveys of volleyball players during the 2018-2019 study year: the first – in September 2018, which corresponded to the beginning of the preparatory period of the annual training cycle; the second – in May 2019, which was at the end of the competitive period of the annual training cycle. Anthropometric measurement was performed by the method of V.V. Bunak (1941). The analysis of the obtained results was performed in the license package “Statistica 5.5” using non-parametric methods of evaluation of indicators. At the end of the competition period, compared to the preparatory training period, volleyball players of high level of sportsmanship in adolescence showed a statistically significant decrease in body weight with a significant increase in shoulder width, chest circumference on inspiration, thighs and crus in the upper third, and a tendency to larger values of the height of the suprasternal and shoulder points, torso length and transverse mid-chest diameter. Certain somatometric features of volleyball players can be considered from two aspects: first, as a consequence of qualified prognostic sports selection, and secondly, as a result of training and competitive sports activities. Analysis of external body parameters in volleyball players during the annual macrocycle can be used as criteria for ascertaining sports selection, because when selecting at the stages of advanced specialization it is necessary to identify athletes capable of achieving high sports results, effective sports improvement in subsequent stages of training.
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