In the article are considered issues related to the study of the effect of cadmium on the body of birds, in particular laying hens. The effect of cadmium sulfate at doses of 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg body weight on protein synthesis function and functional state of the liver were investigated of cross-laying Hysex white hens, of 78 weeks old. Three groups of chickens were formed: two experimental and one control groups. The laying hens of the experimental groups were subjected to a cadmium load. Laying chickens of the first experimental group were given cadmium sulfate at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg body weight. Laying chickens of the second experimental group were given cadmium sulfate at a dose of 4.0 mg/kg body weight. Laying chickens in the control group were in the normal diet without cadmium. Increased activity of aminotransferases, in particular alanine and aspartate aminotransferases in their serum of hens, was observed during cadmium binge drinking in doses of 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg body weight, respectively. These changes indicate a violation of the functional state of the liver of laying hens under conditions of cadmium load. In the study of protein synthesis of the liver of laying hens under conditions of cadmium loading, it was found that cadmium sulfate in the above doses contributed to a significant decrease in the level of total protein by 14, 21 and 30 days of the experiment. The reduction of total protein in the blood of laying hens was due to a decrease in the level of albumin, which in the second experimental group, respectively, decreased to 28.16 ± 0.75%, whereas in the first – 29.62 ± 0.98%. In the study of the level of globulins, it is possible to increase this indicator in both experimental groups of poultry for 21 days. Drinking with water cadmium sulfate at a dose of 4.0 mg/kg body weight was associated with a more likely decrease in total protein and albumin than drinking cadmium sulfate at a lower dose.
57Науковий вісник Львівського національного університету ветеринарної медицини та біотехнологій імені С.З. Ґжицького 1 Білоцерківський національний аграрний університет, пл. Соборна, 8/1, м. Біла Церква, 09111, Україна; 2 Львівський національний університет ветеринарної медицинии біотехнологій імені С.З. Ґжицького, вул. Пекарська, 50, м. Львів, 79010, Україна Останніми роками активізувалися дослідження щодо визначення потреби птиці у мінеральних елементах, які раніше не враховувалися у раціонах, але, як доведено, справляють значний вплив на організм. До таких елементів та їх сполук, котрі привертають увагу науковців і спеціалістів галузі птахівництва, належить і селен, який визнаний незамінним біотичним ультрамікроелементом.У науково-господарському досліді вивчено вплив добавок у комбікорми різних доз Селену на морфологічні та біохімічні показники крові каченят, що вирощуються на м'ясо. Встановлено, що добавки в комбікорми різних доз Селену стимулюють гемоцитопоез, про що свідчить одночасна тенденція до підвищення, в межах фізіологічних величин, у периферичній крові молодняку птиці кількості еритроцитів, лейкоцитів та вмісту гемоглобіну; активують механізми імунного захисту, що проявляється у підвищенні рівня загального білка та концентрації імуноглобулінів у сироватці крові. Виявлені в крові зміни вмісту загального глутатіону та його відновленої форми засвідчують позитивний вплив Селену на неферментативну ланку антиоксидантної системи захисту організму птиці. Введення Селену в комбікорми для каченят, що вирощуються на м'ясо, у дозі 0,4 мг/кг найбільш суттєво позначилося на морфологічних і біохімічних показниках крові. Зокрема, сприяло поліпшенню білкового обміну, посиленню окисно-відновних реакцій, підвищенню імунобіологічної реактивності організму, стимуляції біосинтезу глутатіону у печінці та підвищенню його експорту в кров і, як наслідок, позитивно вплинуло на продуктивність і життєздатність молодняку.
According to modern classification of trace elements, which is based on their biological significance for living organisms, selenium is classified as a group of vital or biogenic elements. As a biotic element, it has unique physico-chemical and biochemical properties and, with adequate intake into the body of farm animals and poultry has a positive effect on a number of physiological processes. The discovery of biological properties of selenium became the basis for its use first in the prevention and treatment of many diseases associated with a deficiency of this trace element, and later – as a stimulator of growth and development of young animals, as well as in order to increase egg production, poultry safety, improve the incubation characteristics of eggs and several other productive qualities. Scientists who have studied the effects of selenium on poultry have paid relatively little attention to meat quality. The effect of additives of different selenium doses in compound feed on the chemical composition, energy and biological value of Ukrainian white breed ducklings’ meat was studied in the scientific and economic experiment. Four groups of ducklings with 100 heads in each groups were formed to conduct the scientific and economic experiment. The duration of the experiment was 56 days and corresponded to the period of raising ducklings for meat. The ducklings of the first control group did not receive selenium supplementation. Selenium was additionally introduced into compound feed for poultry of the experimental groups in the following amount, mg/kg: the second group – 0.2; the third – 0.4 and the fourth – 0.6. It was established that the introduction of selenium into compound feed in the studied dose did not significantly affect to the quality of ducklings’ meat, although it had a positive effect on some indicators that characterize its chemical composition, nutritional and biological value. Among the experimental groups, ducklings of the third and fourth groups, which were injected with selenium into compound feed at the rate of 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg, stood out in terms of meat quality.
The article highlights current data on the biological role of the most crucial feed nutrients - protein and lysine in the feeding of broiler chickens and their particular importance in the vital activity of the bird's body. A description of the value and quality of the main types of compound feed for poultry, recipes of compound feed with different protein and lysine content for specific age groups of broiler chickens, and practical advice on the peculiarities of feeding and rearing of poultry are given. Current brief information on amino acid feed additives and general features of more rational and practical use of various protein feed of both vegetable and animal origin in poultry feeding of meat crosses – grains of cereal crops, processed products of oil crops – soy, sunflower, and many other components are provided. Theoretically and experimentally, the expediency of using different essential feed protein sources, differing in amino acid composition and bioavailability, in poultry feeding rations has been substantiated. In particular, the main principles of adequate feeding of broilers with compound feed with an increased level of crude protein of vegetable origin and a lower level of animal protein are described. Brief information on the effectiveness of safe levels of lysine of synthetic origin in the diet based on a variety of local feeds when growing broiler chickens in the conditions of a poultry farm in the western region are presented. It was established that compound feed with a significantly increased protein content of various origins – 24 %, 22 % and 20 % – positively affects broiler chickens' productivity. The highest level of productivity was noted for the lysine content in broilers' compound feed in the first growing period – 1,22 %, in the second – 1,14 % and in the third – 1,09 %. The high quality, nutritional value, and beneficial effects of amino acid premixes are directly influenced by the available feed raw materials, mainly of vegetable origin, used for the production of compound feed in the conditions of a broiler poultry farm, the uniformity of mixing with the appropriate quality feed and the optimal dosage of amino acids in each portion of the feed mixture.
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